Author: Jonathan Cully

Table of Contents

Introduction

The Lucan Memorial Campaign was created to universally record all Lucanians who lost their lives through conflict or military service. The main aim of the project has been to campaign for the creation of a local memorial, which will remember all equally, and without bias. To date the project has identified a total of sixty-five men with a Lucan connection. Each of these men were either born in Lucan, have lived in Lucan, or are now buried in Lucan. Their combined service represents over three hundred years of world history, with many of the conflicts they have served in being fundamental in shaping the course of history, both nationally and internationally. Those covered by the project represent casualties from the Nine Year’s War, the 3rd Anglo-Maratha War, the Indian Rebellion, the American Civil War, the occupation of Hong-Kong, the First World War, the 1916 Rising, the Irish War of Independence, the Irish Civil War, the Second World War, the United Nations Operations in Congo, and most recently the Troubles. The life story of everyone recorded by the project has been fully researched and recorded in this document. It is hoped that this information, amounting to over 370 pages, can be made fully available to local libraries, schools, and researchers.

The success of the “Decade of Commemorations” between 2012 and 2023 has shown that the Irish public has become increasingly accepting of the seminal events that have shaped the foundation our nation. Engagement with the Lucan Memorial Campaign has shown Lucanians to be very proud of their ancestors’ involvement in all aspects of our nation’s shared history. Huge interest has been expressed for recording of those who served with the British as well as those who fought for Ireland’s independence, with many locally having strong family connections to both, adding to the rich diversity that has shaped our village and nation. The universal reflection on those who have come before us, whose legacies we have inherited, is vital to understanding who we are as a nation. The phrase “Lest we Forget” comes to mind, though perhaps, the inscription found on a local grave in Esker is more fitting:

“Remember man as you pass by, As you are now so was I…”

Statistics

Lucan’s casualties predominantly served with the British Army (50), with the remainder serving with: the French Army (1), the United States Army (1), the Royal Irish Constabulary (3), the Royal Air Force (2), the Royal Navy (1), the I.R.A. (1), the Irish National Army (2), the Indian Army (1), the Irish Defence Forces/United Nations (1), and an Garda Síochána (1). One Civilian is also recorded.

The earliest casualty recorded in this document is Patrick Sarsfield, a Jacobite General who fled to France following the signing of the Treaty of Limerick in 1691. In France he joined the French Army and continuing fighting in the Nine Year’s War until his death. Patrick Sarsfield has since become an icon Irish nationalism and is often regarded as a revolutionary, even though he was counter revolutionary, and fully supported a Catholic English Monarchy. His influence on Irish history is evident from the countless public spaces named for him particularly, particularly locally in Lucan.

Due to a lack of early military records for enlisted men, there were no further entries recorded until 1801, when a John Fay of Lucan enlisted with the British army. John Fay served in India throughout the Napoleonic Wars, during which time he participated in the destabilisation of French interests in the East Indies. Following this he participated in the 3^rd Anglo-Maratha War, which would shape British rule in India for the next century.

In the mid-19^th century Henry Orr and his family emigrated to the “New World” to escape the Great Famine. They settled in New York where the family thrived until the outbreak of the American Civil War. Like countless Irish immigrants, Henry Orr enlisted with the Union Army fighting in one of the first largescale industrial wars in modern history. Not long after Henry Orr had set sail from Ireland, another Lucanian, James Cain, possibly sought to escape the insecurities of Ireland by enlisting with the British army. He briefly served in India at a time when the British were quelling rebellion and consolidating their hold on the Indian subcontinent. In the late 19^th Century Major Algernon Montgomerie Caulfield began his long distinguished military career during the Anglo-Afghan War. He would later see service expanding British interests in Burma and India. Likewise, Captain George Colthurst Vesey spent his early military career expanding British interests in North Africa in the Egyptian war of 1882 and the occupation of Sudan. He would die from illness while garrisoned in British occupied Hong-Kong at the end of the 19^th Century. Two of Lucan’s First World War Casualties also participated in the Anglo-Beor War at the turn of the 20^th Century. In the years that followed this conflict many of Lucan’s First World War casualties who had pre-war service were garrisoned across India. Indeed, it is worth noting that the one of the most featured regiments of this Project, the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, have their origins in the battalions of the East India Company Army, which up until the quelling of the Indian Rebellion, had ruled Indian on behalf of Britain.

The profound impact that the First World War had on the village of Lucan cannot be overlooked, with forty-nine of the men recorded in this document having lost their lives during the conflict. This figure represents a staggering 5.4% of Lucan’s total population in the 1911 Census. Nearly all households in Lucan had a family member who volunteered for service, with many of these becoming casualties at some point during their service, this is evident from the high number of Lucanians that appeared in casualty lists published weekly in newspapers, and from the high number Lucanians who ended the war in the service of the Labour Corps and Army Service Corps.

The war itself seeped into all aspects of daily life in Lucan. Local mills, such as Hill’s Mill, turned to producing military uniforms. Local horse breeders, such as Major David Ernest Bellaney of Esker Villa, procured beasts of burden from the Americas, an effort which earned him the Order of the British Empire. The Hermitage Hospital also treated soldiers suffering from “shell shock”. It is undoubtable that some Lucanians would have enlisted out of loyalty and patriotic duty. For others economic insecurities may have been a deciding factor.  John Redmond’s call for National Volunteers to enlist to fight for the “freedom of small nations” and as a show of support for Home Rule certainly persuaded many Lucanians to enlist, while many other others faced pressure from employers, such as Hill’s Mill, to enlist; with the atrocities committed in “Catholic Belgium” being emphasised to persuade the Catholic majority. At one point, a notice put up in Hill’s Mill read “those who did not serve in the field will have to give up their jobs to those who did serve in the field.” This preferential treatment toward men who had enlisted became more poignant when jobs became scarce in the post war years. Lucanians were also subjected to regular Red Cross fundraising events and military requitement drives. These featured military parades, bands, and speeches from the local gentry in support of the war effort. At no level would the people of Lucan have been able to overlook the impact the war was having on the village, indeed the high casualty rate suffered by the 20 households of Weir View alone tragically highlights this.

Among the First World War casualties listed in this document are brothers, cousins, friends, and neighbours; the very fabric of our closeknit village. The high casualty rates suffered during the First World War have provided an excellent insight into the rich demographic diversity of Lucan Village at the time. The graphs shown below highlight the religious, nationality and age demographics of those recorded by this project. The majority of those who volunteered during the First World War were Irish, Catholic, and working-class. A quarter of Lucan’s First World War casualties had prior service with the British army, with one, Robert Jay Cant, having decades of service. Many of these men came from large families, who frequently moved around the village or country; no doubt chasing security in both accommodation and work. Many of those called up as reservists had started young families of their own prior to the outbreak of war. Men whose fathers were better-off, or who were clergy, tended to be well educated, and either left college or clerical jobs to enlist. Those from more the more well-off family backgrounds tended to rank higher also. Major Algernon Montgomerie Caulfield, a member of the landed gentry, was a highly decorated, high-ranking career soldier, with decades of service. 60% of Lucanian’s killed during the First World War were under the age of 30. The First World War has arguably had a more profound impact on our village than any other event in modern history, casting a shadow which is still felt to this day.

 
The revolutionary period between 1916 and 1923 has recorded seven casualties, all of which occurred outside of Lucan. Three those casualties are Royal Irish Constabulary. County Inspector Alexander Gray was killed during an ambush in Ashbourne in 1916, while Sgt. Michael Hallissy and Head Constable Edward J Mulrooney were killed in an ambush on their patrol in Ballyfermot. Laurence Kennedy, who was shot by a British patrol in the Phoenix Park is the Lucan Memorial Campaign’s only recorded civilian casualty, while Seán Doyle, who was killed in an ambush, is the projects only I.R.A. casualty. The burials of Alexander Gray and Seán Doyle locally in Esker are of particular significance for gaging the shift in public opinion on Irelands place within the British Empire. Alexander Gray’s funeral drew large crowds locally, with many in attendance representing the highest levels of British authority, a mere four year later, Seán Doyle’s funeral drew far larger crowds, with prominent figures such as Arthur Griffith and W. T. Cosgrove in attendance. All of Lucan’s 1916 and War of Independence casualties highlight the I.R.A.’s guerrilla war tactics, which aimed to dismantling the mechanisms of British authority in Ireland. The two National Army Soldiers, both of whom were killed during the Civil War, emphasise the uneasy peace and bitter division that followed Ireland’s independence.

The Second World War has only two recorded casualties, neither of whom died in action, with Joseph Patrick Lawless dying from illness in Dublin and Colonel Samuel Torton Wills CBE, a career soldier with decades of service, dying in the post war years. The most recent casualties recorded are Michael Fallon, who died while serving as UN Peacekeeper during the Congo Crisis, and Detective Garda Frank Hand, who is Lucan’s only member of an Garda Síochána to have died as a result of Conflict.

“Pop-Up Memorial”

As part of the campaign to raise public awareness for a permanent Lucan memorial, small memorial markers were created for each of the individuals recorded by the project. These memorial markers were tailored to each individual, with the colour, featured cap badge, and details reflecting their service and recording their date of death. The result being a wide variety of designs that solidify the diverse scope of the Lucan Memorial Campaign as a whole. (Please see example below. All final memorial marker designs overleaf).

These memorial makers have been displayed as part of a temporary “pop-up memorial” locally on numerous occasions. The memorial makers along with unique QR codes, that link to each individual’s life story, have proven to be a huge success, garnering favourable comments and support for the creation of a permanent memorial. The Lucan Memorial Campaign has so far been exhibited at many of the Society for Old Lucan’s outdoor events, at Lucan Library, and at the Lucan Festival. Indeed, the project has proven so popular that historical societies from neighbouring towns have also requested talks on the project. It is hoped that any future memorial proposal might incorporate the below memorial markers and QR codes to ensure a unique eye-catching monument that would emphasize the diverse scope of the Lucan Memorial Campaign, while making the research information available to all.

“Pop-up memorial” in the graveyard of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Lucan Village, 2022. Placed along a winding trail cut through the tall grass and flowers, the graveyard and ruins of the medieval church offered a tranquil and thought-provoking backdrop for reflection on the individuals who lost their lives.

Lucan Memorial Campaign exhibition in Lucan Library in 2023. Alongside the memorial markers are photographs of the soldiers, their graves, and some newspaper clippings. QR codes provide a link to the story of each individual.

New pop-up banners showcasing the Lucan Memorial Campaign in Lucan Demesne at the Lucan Festival 2024. The QR code links to the Society for Old Lucan website, where this document has recently been published.

—– 1693 —–

Nine Years’ War

Marechal-de-Camp Patrick Sarsfield, 1^st Earl of Lucan, Viscount of Tully, Baron of Rosberry.

French Army.

Died Early August 1693

Patrick Sarsfield is believed to have been born in Lucan around 1655. Son of Patrick Sarsfield (the Elder) and Anne O’More.

Patrick Sarsfield’s great, great-grandfather, Sir William Sarsfield, a public official, and soldier from a wealthy merchant family, served as Mayor of Dublin between 1566 and 1567. Sir William Sarsfield received his knighthood in 1566 for his defence of Drogheda in the wars against Shane O’Neill, Lord of Tyrone. He subsequently used his wealth and position to purchase Tully Castle in Co. Kildare and Lucan Manor. Sir William Sarsfield also served as Sheriff of Dublin, and Seneschal of the queen’s Manors of Newcastle Lyons, Esker, Saggart, and Crumlin. Sir William Sarsfield died on 17^th December 1616 and was buried in Lucan, in a now forgotten grave. On his death, his estate was divided between his two sons, with Patrick Sarsfield’s great-grandfather receiving Tully Castle. 

Patrick Sarsfield’s Grandfather, Peter Sarsfield, came into possession of Tully Castle at the death of his father; and in turn passed in on to his son Patrick Sarsfield (The Elder). Patrick (The Elder) then later acquired ownership of Lucan Manor from his cousin, who died childless. 

In 1641, a Catholic rebellion broke out in Ireland; it would lead to the formation of the Irish Catholic Confederacy, run by Catholic aristocrats, military leaders, and the clergy. One of the supporters of the Irish Confederacy was Patrick Sarsfield (The Elder) who assisted royalists at the Siege of Dublin in 1649. For his support of the Confederacy, Patrick Sarsfield (The Elder) was found guilty of rebellion and barred from holding land, losing both Tully Castle and Lucan Manor. He was transplanted to Connacht and his ancestral home eventually passed in the possession of Sir Theophilus Jones.  A Grant of Land under the Acts of Settlement and Explanation (dated 13/03/1667), recorded Sir Theophilus Jones’ ownership of The Manor, Castle, Town & Lands of Lucan.

“To hold all ye free misses in ye Co. of Dublin & Kildare during the life of Patrick, son of Peter Sarsfield, late of Lucan, Kent.

For ever.”

It is believed that Patrick Sarsfield attended a French Military College. He first saw military service when he received a commission with the English Life Guards, serving under the Duke of Monmouth during the Franco-Dutch War of 1672. After England’s withdrawal from the war in 1674, Patrick Sarsfield transferred to a French regiment and served under Sir George Hamilton; continuing to fight against the Holy Roman Empire in the Rhineland.

Soon after his return from war in 1678, Patrick Sarsfield, a Catholic, was barred from military service, due to the political fallout of the “Popish Plot”. Which falsely accused the Catholic Church of orchestrating a plot to kill King Charles II. This led to widespread anti Catholic hysteria throughout the Kingdom.

A professional soldier with no prospect of joining the military, Patrick Sarsfield’s behaviour during this period was less than exemplary. He engaged in a costly legal dispute with the family of his brother William, who died of smallpox in 1675, to claim ownership of Lucan Manor (which had since been restored to William’s daughter). Patrick Sarsfield then went to London where, in 1682 and 1683, he participated in the abduction two heiresses, Ann Siderlin, and Elizabeth Herbert. He was fortunate to escape prosecution on both occasions. 

Patrick Sarsfield’s luck changed when Catholic James II became king in 1685, when he was permitted to re-join the military. His first engagement would see him take part in the battle of Sedgemoor, to quell the Monmouth Rebellion, in the west of England, a protestant uprising to depose the newly crowned King James; and was led by non-other than Patrick Sarsfield’s former commander James Scott 1^st Duke of Monmouth.

In 1688 King James II was deposed by his daughter and her husband William of Orange during the Glorious Revolution. James was forced to flee to France, where Patrick Sarsfield, and others loyal to James II, would eventually join him.

Patrick Sarsfield married Honora Burke, daughter of William Burke the 7^th Earl of Clanricarde, in 1689. They had one son, James Sarsfield (later 2^nd Earl of Lucan).

In March 1689 James II landed in Ireland to regain his throne. His arrival began the Williamite War in Ireland, which was part of the greater global conflict known as the Nine Years’ War. Patrick Sarsfield was promoted to Brigadier and granted a seat in the 1689 Parliament for Dublin County. He would take part in fighting in both Ulster and Connacht.

On 1^st July 1690 (Old Calendar), he was present at the Battle of the Boyne, where William III defeated the Jacobite army loyal to King James. Seeing little hope for his cause, King James II fled back to France. Shook by the defeat, Jacobite forces abandoned the City of Dublin and assumed a defensive line along the River Shannon. Patrick Sarsfield’s regiment took up position in Limerick City, before it was put under siege by 38,000 Williamite soldiers on 8^th August 1690.

On 9^th August Sarsfield received word that a Williamite artillery train was wending its way towards the city. Patrick would lead a daring raid with five hundred men on the artillery train, destroying William’s siege artillery and two hundred wagons of supplies. Patrick and his raiders returned triumphantly to Limerick City with two hundred captured horses in tow. This success proved to be a massive moral boost for the city of Limerick. 

William, however, managed bring up a second artillery train and soon commenced a bombardment of the city. After a Williamite assault on the city was repelled on 27^th August, Williams forces would lift their Siege and garrison their army for winter. Both sides would now begin to prepare for a summer offensive.

The Jacobite command began fracture with two parties emerging, one which favoured negotiations to favourably end the fight and the other, led by Patrick Sarsfield, which favourited a continuation of fighting.

In January 1691, Patrick Sarsfield was granted the titles of Earl of Lucan, Viscount of Tully, and Baron of Rosberry by King James II. He was made Colonel of the Life Guards and Commander-in-Chief of Ireland, until the arrival of French Commander Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe in May of that year. 

Patrick Sarsfield was present at the defence of Athlone and afterwards at the Battle of Aughrim, on 12^th July 1691 (Old Calendar); where the Jacobite army was routed in what is believed to have been the bloodiest battle fought in either Ireland or Britain.

Patrick Sarsfield was kept in the rear, with charge of the cavalry reserve and not advised of the battle plans, despite being second in command. The Jacobite commander, Saint-Ruhe, was later decapitated by a cannon ball, throwing the Jacobite forces into disarray. Patrick Sarsfield’s cavalry did not counter the advance of the Williamite forces, as he was under strict orders not to advance without orders from the now dead Saint-Ruhe. By the time he learned of the death of Saint-Ruhe, it was too late, and the battle was lost. Sarsfield organised an effective rear-guard action, allowing his regiment to retreat. However, hundreds of other Jacobite soldiers were cut down as they fled the battle in disarray. It is estimated that as many as 7,000 soldiers were killed in the battle. 

With the Jacobite defeat at Aughrim and their cause now lost, they retreated to Limerick City, where they were besieged for a second time by the Williamite forces. After a four-week siege and numerous repulsed assaults, Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite general, Godert de Ginkell, would eventually negotiate surrender terms under the Treaty of Limerick.

The treaty allowed for the remaining Jacobite army to leave Ireland for France. Patrick Sarsfield along with ~19,000 soldiers and 4,000 women and children left Ireland in the “Flight of the Wild Geese”.  In 1692, many of the exiled soldiers transferred into the Irish Brigades of the French Army, continuing their fight against William III’s coalition in the continental battles of the Nine Years’ War.  Patrick Sarsfield would be made Marechal-de-camp of one of the Irish Brigades.

On 3^rd August 1692, Patrick took part in the Battle of Steenkerque, which proved to be a victory for the French. Patrick Sarsfield was present at the Battle of Landen on 29^th July 1693. During a cavalry charge by the Irish Brigade, Patrick Sarsfield was wounded, dying from his wound’s days later in Huy, Belgium. He was buried on the grounds of St. Martin’s Church. The exact location of his grave has since been lost. 

Patrick’s son, James, later took part in a failed Jacobite rebellion in 1718 and was forced to return to France; Soon after dying from illness in St. Omer in 1719. The original Earldom of Lucan would end with him.

The influence of Patrick Sarsfield on Lucan is clear, with many local clubs, organisations, roads, and estates being named after him. Many areas of Lucan have been named in his honour, such as Sarsfield Park, Sarsfield Close, and Sarsfield Terrace; indeed many features found on the grounds of Lucan Demesne (often then referred to as “Sarsfield’s Demesne”) were later attributed to Patrick Sarsfield, in an apparent attempt to boost Lucan’s tourism, even though they either predate Patrick by centuries, or were not in place until long after his death. Examples being the monument and tree in the map above, “Sarsfield’s Cottage”, an early 18th Century Cottage Orne (now demolished), and “Sarsfield’s Castle”, the 13th century priory tower house attached to the nearby Church of The Blessed Virgin Mary. The Sarsfield family crest -the red and white fleur de lis- has become synonymous with Lucan, and Lucan based organisations (the Lucan Newsletter and Lucan Sarsfield’s GAA crests being examples). He seems to have even reached into the very depths of Lucan’s folklore, with local ghost stories telling of a mysterious black dog, who roamed the grounds of Lucan Demesne, unsurprisingly referred to as “Sarsfield’s Black Dog.”

The number of streets, public spaces, and clubs, dedicated to Patrick Sarsfield outside of Lucan (particularly in the city of Limerick) are too innumerable to account here. The naming of many prominent places after him, such as Sarsfield Quay, along the river River Liffey in Dublin City, shows the high regard in which Patrick Sarsfield is held nationally. While it could be argued that some areas could be named for the Sarsfield family, rather than Patrick himself, it is almost entirely likely that most, if not all, are named for Patrick.

—– 1819 —–

Third Anglo-Maratha War (India)

John Fay

22^nd Regiment of Light Dragoons.

Died 2^nd April 1819.

John Fay was born in Lucan in 1776. On 23^rd September 1801, at the age of 25, John Fay enlisted with the 25^th (Light) Dragoons, giving his Parish of birth as Lucan “Kildare”, and his profession as Labourer. He was 5 foot 2 inches tall, had brown hair, a fair complexion, and grey eyes.

The 25^th (Light) Dragoons were a calvary regiment formed in 1794 for service in India. In December 1802 the regiment was renumbered, becoming the 22^nd Regiment of Light Dragoons. Traditionally dragoons were mounted infantry who dismounted to fight, however, by the Napoleonic Wars, regiments of dragoons were being used in both light and heavy cavalry rolls. The 22^nd Regiment of Light Dragoons saw service in India throughout the Napoleonic Wars. In 1811 the regiment participated in the British Invasion of Java. 

The British expedition into the Dutch East Indies was part of a wider campaign against the French Empire and followed the fall of French East Indies in 1809 and 1810, and the successful campaign against the French islands of Réunion and Mauritius. The Dutch East Indies were controlled by the Kingdom of Holland, which had itself been annexed by the French Empire in 1810, making the Dutch East Indies a titular French colony. Between the 4^th of August and 18^th September 1811, the British Army and Navy, and the East India Company launched an amphibious invasion of the Dutch East Indian Island of Java. The British navy, patrolling off the coast, raided ships and targets of opportunity. The British Army and East India Company landed troops onto the island, taking the undefended capital, Batavia, on August 8th. French and Dutch defenders fell back to the fortified Fort Cornelis, which was taken by British forces on 26^th August 1811 following a siege. Through subsequent amphibious and land assaults the British managed to capture the islands remaining strongholds, leading to the total capitulation of the island to British forces on 18^th September. Following the Defeat of the French Empire at the end of the Napoleonic Wars the Island was returned to the Nederland’s.

Following the successful expedition to Java, the 22^nd Regiment of Light Dragoons returned to India, where on 21^st December 1817, they fought in the battle of Mahidpur, part of the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1819). The battle was fought between the Indore State of the Maratha Confederacy and the British East Company. During the Battle the British were on the brink of defeat, when a traitor on the Indian side deserted the battlefield with the forces under his command. This turn of events allowed the British to gain the upper hand and defeat the Indian forces lead by the 11-year-old Maharaja Malhar Rao Holkar III. The ultimate defeat of the Maratha Empire resulted in the breakup of the Indian empire, leaving the East India Company in control of almost all present-day India south of the Sutlej River.

In a nominal roll for the regiment under the heading “Became Non-Effective” it is recorded that John Fay “Died 2nd April 1819”; seven days before the end of the Third Anglo-Maratha War. John Fay was 43 years old and had served with the regiment for a total of 18 years. His cause and location of death are not recorded. In October 1819, the 22^nd Regiment of Light Dragoons was disbanded, with many of the men volunteering to be transferred into the 13^th Light Dragoons.

John Fay, [age] 25, [height feet] 5, [height inches] 2/4, [enlisted] 23 Sept 1801, [complexion] Fair, [hair] Brown, [eyes] Grey, [trade] Labourer, [Place of Birth] Lucan, Kildare, Ireland, [terms of service] Unlimited, [became noneffective] Died, 2^nd April 1819”

—– 1860 —–

Indian Rebellion

Private James Cain

97^th (The Earl of Ulster’s) Regiment of Foot.

Died 23rd November 1860.

James Cain was born in Lucan in the mid to late 1830’s. Unfortunately, no baptismal records exist for him, however, there was a marriage between a James Kane and Mary Byrne recorded in the Lucan Roman Catholic Church on the 9th of October 1816. Given the huge variances prevalent in name spelling at that time it is possible that there may or may not be a family connection. 

At the age of 20 James Cain enlisted with 97th Regiment of Foot on 11th February 1858. At the time of his enlistment the 97th Regiment was one of six Infantry Battalions stationed in India to help quell a rebellion started when Sepoy soldiers mutinied against the East India Company. 

Amongst the many longstanding issues one of the final straws for Indian soldiers was a requirement for them to bite open paper cartridges to release gunpowder when loading the new Enfield rifled muskets. The grease coating on the cartridges contained tallow and lard, products of beef and pork, the biting of which was offensive to Hindu and Muslim soldiers. This along with other social reforms led to a growing and deep-rooted suspicion that the British were trying to dismantle Indian religious beliefs and culture. In Meerut, 85 Indian Muslim soldiers refused to handle the grease coated cartridges, resulting in them being court martialled and sentenced to 10 year’s imprisonment with hard labour. A spontaneous rising erupted when their comrades mutinied and forcibly freed them from captivity. The spread of the rebellion was further fuelled by the nobility and civilian classes, who had long been disillusioned and angered by British land reforms, social influence, high taxes, and the unpopular economic policies of the East India Company. 

In April 1858 the 97th Regiment of Foot joined the British forces that lifted the Siege of Lucknow. They later took part in operations at Fort Nusrutpore, Chanda, Umeerpore, and Sultanpore, before the rebellion was contained in June 1858. If James Cain’s journey to India took at least four, if not six months, the rebellion would have been mostly contained by the time of his arrival. Though hostilities did not formally end until 8th July 1859 James Cain does not appear to have qualified for the Indian Mutiny Medal 1857-1858, further indicating that he arrived in India too late to participate in the quelling of the Rebellion. The 97th Regiment remained garrisoned in India for the following decade. Records show that James Cain’s death occurred in Jubbulpore, India, on 23rd November 1860. He had served for two years and 285 days to time of his death. His cause of death remains unknown, however, considering his young age, it is possible that his death was due to illness. In the years that followed the rebellion disease and famine were endemic across India, resulting in the deaths of tens of thousands of people.

Nominal Roll for 97th Regiment of Foot detailing James Cain’s service. [Enlisted] 11^th February 1858, [Born] Lucan, Co. Dublin, [Effective] Died 23^rd November 1860, E. Indies [Service] 2yrs. 285 days.

—– 1870 —–

American Civil War

Private Henry Orr

169^th Regiment, New York Infantry.

Died 17^th October 1870.

Henry Orr was born around 1826, the son of carpenter, Alexander Orr. On the 11^th of December 1849 Henry married Bridget Clancy in St. Andrew’s church on Main Street Lucan. The marriage being officiated by Reverend Hugh Edward Prior and witnessed by Anne Hughes, Bridget’s sister. Interestingly, in later pension applications, members of the Clancy family would attest to the marriage having taken place in Celbridge, with the ceremony being presided over by a Father O’Roarke. It has since become apparent that Henry Orr and Bridget Clancy were married twice, once in a Catholic ceremony and once in a Church of Ireland Ceremony. Both Henry and Bridget gave an address of Weston Park, with Henry recording his occupation there as a Labourer. Weston Park was then being rented out to Andrew Reid by James Caulfield, grandfather of Major Algernon Montgomerie Caulfield, who is also recorded in this project.

Marriage register for Henry Orr and Bridget Clancy at St Andrew’s Church on 11^th December 1849. While this marriage was Church of Ireland both Bridget’s brother, Michael, and sister, Anne would later provide sworn statements as witnesses to their sister’s marriage having occurred in Celbridge, being presided over by a Catholic Priest.

On or about the 11^th of May 1851 Henry and Bridget’s first child, William, was born. Two months later in July 1851 both Henry and his brother-in-law, Michael Clancy left Ireland for the United States of America. Henry Orr was followed by his wife, Bridget, and baby son, William, in the spring of 1852. The timing of the Orr family’s emigration to the United States of America is significant, as it occurred at the end of the Great Famine (1845-1852) and just before the contents, farm equipment and livestock of Weston Park were listed for auction in 1852. The Orr family’s security in such a turbulent time may have been strongly dependent on that of their landlord, Andrew Reid, whose tenancy on the land appears to have ended abruptly. With few prospects in Ireland, due to the mass economic insecurities and high population migration caused by the famine, the Orr family were likely forced like 100,000’s of others to emigrate and seek better opportunities abroad. During the famine Ireland would experience a sharp population decline of 20-25% due to death and emigration, a trend which continued throughout the 19^th Century.

Crossing the Atlantic to the Americas would have been a significant risk for a family with a young child. Depending on the class the Orr’s travelled in, they could have been confined below deck for 6 weeks, in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, with one journalist for the Irish Times noting that people “were only flying from one form of death”. The gratitude of the Orr family for having safely arrived in their future homeland is highlighted by the fact that they named one of their daughters after the ship that bore both Henry Orr and his brother-in-law to New York: the Amelia. The Orr family successfully settled in Troy, New York, where Henry Orr set up a workshop as a blacksmith. Over the years their family grew, as they welcomed their second child -and first to be born in the United States of America- John, on or about the 24^th of April 1853. A few years later daughter, Mary Elizabeth was born on or about the 18^th of February 1855; sadly, she would pass away soon after on the 8^th of October 1856, aged just 1 year and 8 months old. On the 16^th of August 1857, the Orr’s fourth child, Emma Amelia, was born. Son, Henry, was born on the 26^th of December 1860, and the family’s youngest child, Bridget, was born on 26^th of January 1862. Emma Amelia, Henry, and Bridget would all be baptised in St. Mary’s Catholic Church, Troy, New York.

Around 1852 or 1853 the Orr family received word from Ireland that Bridgit’s brother-in-law, Owen Hughes, had died in Celbridge. Owen appears to have long suffered from asthma, having been discharged from military service with the 22^nd Regiment of Foot in 1837. He developed chest pains, a cough, and shortness of breath in Jamacia, where he had previously participated in the quelling of a slave insurrection during the Baptist War of 1831-32. His death had left Bridget’s her sister, Ann, alone to raise four young children during an extremely bleak economic period, with few prospects. The Orr family quickly arranged to pay for the passage of Ann Hughes and her children to Troy, New York.  On arrival, Ann Hughes placed her children into the care of a catholic orphanage while she found employment in the Union House Hotel. Ann Hughes soon afterwards rented a nearby house that was owned by her brother-in-law, Henry Orr, and ran a grocery shop from the same premises. Ann’s oldest son, John Hughes, then took up an apprenticeship as a Wagonmaker in his uncle’s blacksmith, sending his wages to his mother to contribute towards rent.

The United States of America experienced major growth during the mid-19^th century, due in part to the mass immigration of people seeking a better life in the “New World”. Industrial and manufacturing development however was firmly rooted in the more populated northern states, with southern states depending on agricultural plantation economies which relied heavily on slave labour to operate. In the decades leading up the Civil War the United States had become increasingly divided over the issues of slavery and state rights. In 1820 the Missouri Compromise balanced desires of northern states to prevent the spread of slavery to territories acquired through the Louisiana Purchase, against those of southern states which sought to expand the slave trade. The Missouri Compromise would see a ban on slavery in new territories north of the 36°30’ parallel. Tensions over the spread of slavery began to rise again following the acquisition of vast amounts of new territory following the Mexican – American War, with Southern States advocating in favour of the slave trade expanding to these new territories. In 1850 a compromise was reached which provided a vote of popular sovereignty for the new territories entering the Union; with California entering as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico entering as slave states. The ban on slavery above the 36°30’ parallel would remain in place. The 1850 Compromise defused tensions between the north and south, and effectively postponed the outbreak of the Civil War. In 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, repealing the Missouri Compromise, and creating two new states, each of which would be allowed a popular sovereignty vote on slavery. The act saw brutal clashes between pro and anti-slavery factions who entered the territories to influence votes. More importantly it saw the collapse of the American Whig Party and the rise of the anti-slavery Republican Party, which caused further disunion between north and south.

The division between northern and southern states reached breaking point during the presidential election of 1860. It had long been declared by the opponents of Abraham Lincoln in the southern states that he sought to end slavery and undermine the position of the southern states within the Union, when in fact Lincoln and the Republicans had pledged not to end slavery, but only prevent it from spreading to new territories. Southern states had long been fearful that the admission of new non-slave territories would make them a minority in the Senate, when it became apparent that Abraham Lincoln had won the presidential election in November 1860, they feared he would use his office to appoint anti-slave District Attorneys, Marshalls, Postmasters, and Judges into positions of influence throughout the South, and between the 20^th of December 1860 and the 1^st of February 1861 the southern states of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded from the Union. On the 8^th of February 1861 they formed the Confederate States of America. The newly formed Confederate States demanded that all federal forts and facilities within the newly formed Confederacy be relinquished by their garrisons. On the 12^th of April 1861 militia from South Carolina attacked and captured Fort Sumter, triggering the start of the American Civil War. Weeks later, the states of Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina also seceded from the Union and joined the Confederate States. Abraham Lincoln quickly called for militia to be raised and for a naval blockade of the eleven rebellious states to begin. On 21^st July 1861 Union forces were defeated by a smaller Confederate force at the First Battle of Bull Run. It became apparent that despite the North’s clear numerical and industrial advantages, the southern states had the edge in military leadership and determination. Facing the prospect of a long war, Abraham Lincoln called for a further 500,000 new recruits to be called up. Likewise, the Confederate States called for 400,000 troops to be raised. Many people across the United States had become bitterly divided over the split, with many Northerners moving South to volunteer, and many Southerners likewise moving North.

Details of Herny Orr’s service records, showing that he enlisted for three years’ service on the 26^th of December 1863, in Troy, New York, and was mustered in to “G” Company of the 169^th Regiment, New York Infantry as a private on 28^th December 1863 at Troy New York. His place of birth is recorded as Ireland, his age as 35 years, and his occupation as a blacksmith. Henry’s physical is described as 5ft 6inches in height, dark complexion, with blue eyes, and brown hair. Record kindly provided by Dawn Helser, a relative of Henry and Bridget Orr through the Clancy family.

On the 29^th of August 1862, Henry Orr’s 19-year-old nephew, John Hughes, left his apprenticeship in Henry’s blacksmith and volunteered for service with the newly mustered “G” Company of the 169^th Regiment, New York Infantry at Staten Island, New York. He enrolled with the regiment on 6^th October 1862.

On the 1^st of January 1863 Abraham Lincoln made an executive order that all slaves held in rebel territory would be freed. The order proved to be very unpopular in the North, and coupled with growing war fatigue the Union army soon began to experience a drop in recruitment numbers. To help raise recruitment numbers each locality began to increase the bounty offered to volunteers as a motivation to enlist. On the 3^rd of March 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the United States first conscription act into law. The Enrolment Act required all male citizens, and all immigrants who had applied for citizenship, aged between 20 and 45 to register and be prepared for military service. Each state and locality were given a recruitment quota, and where these quotas were not met men from the locality would be drafted into military service by lotteries. Those selected for military service could avoid being drafted if they could afford to pay a substitute $300 to take their place. The threat of being drafted without a bounty, and without freedom to choose which regiment they could join encouraged many men to volunteer. The Act proved to be very controversial, leading to widespread riots in New York.  The option of a buy-out led to the war being dubbed “a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”. The bonuses offered to volunteers in more affluent districts further ensured that poorer districts were more adversely affected by the Act, as men would enlist in neighbouring districts with higher bonuses, thus driving down recruitment numbers in their own districts and causing the draft to be enforced. Henry Orr was enrolled in the Eight Ward of the Fifteenth Congressional District under “Class II” (married men aged 35-45), in June of 1863.

Excerpt from the “CONSOLIDATED LIST of all persons of CLASS II, subject to do military duty in the Fifteenth Congressional District, consisting of the Counties of Rensselaer and Washington State of New York, enumerated during the month of June, 1863, under direction of Charles Hughes, Provost Marshal.” Henry Orr is recorded under entry number 9: “Eight Ward, Orr, Henry, 37, White, Blacksmith, Ireland.” Of the twenty names listed on the document only two are not Irish.

Henry Orr enlisted for three years’ service at the 8^th Ward, City of Troy on 26^th December 1863, on the third birthday of his son, Henry. His military service records show that he signed an “X” on Volunteer Enlistment papers, indicating that he possibly pre-empted an expected draft on more favourable terms, as his records show that he benefited from a bounty, which was paid at monthly rate of $60, with second and third instalments of $80 also noted. Henry was recorded as 5ft. 6 inches tall, with a dark complexion, brown hair, and blue eyes. His age was erroneously recorded as 35 years, and his occupation listed as a blacksmith. Two days later, on the 28^th of December, Henry Orr was mustered into “G” Company of the 169^th Regiment, New York Infantry. This was the very same company and regiment as his young nephew, John Hughes. Many of the men he would serve with were also friends and neighbours from the City of Troy, New York; some of whom would later supply witness statements in support of his wife’s pension application. It is very likely that Henry’s voluntary enlistment allowed him the choice of joining his nephews company and regiment, rather than being mustered into a random regiment or company in need of manpower had he waited to be drafted. He would now be able to stand by his nephew’s side through thick and thin; a small comfort for their family back home.

At the time of Henry Orr’s enlistment, the 169^th Regiment was taking part in operations against Charleston and operating as forward observers on Folly and Black Islands, in South Carolina. In May 1864, the regiment took part in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign, a series of battles fought outside of Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States. The 169^th Regiment saw action in the Battle of Chester Station, twelve miles from Richmond, on the 10^th of May, where the Troy Daily Times stated that the regiment:

“again witnessed and participated in the scene of a day marked by carnage and blood, and to-night some of its brave men sleep in death on this Virginia soil, others are wounded and prisoners in the hands of the enemy, while yet others languish in the hospitals, all having nobly borne up the honor of the flag on the desperately contested field of Chester.”   

From the 14^th to 16^th May, the 169^th Regiment was engaged in the “most intense, prolonged and terribly bitter” fighting with enemy forces for 36 hours straight at the Battle of Proctor’s Creek. During the campaign Confederate forces stopped and successfully contained Union forces to the Bermuda Hundred Line.

On the 25^th of May the regiment left Bermuda Hundred to participate in the Battles around Cold Harbour between the 1^st and 12^th of June 1864. On arrival to Cold Harbour on the 1^st of June the regiment marched past the Union rifle pits, formed a line of battle and charged the “rebs” head on, under “a terrible fire, both of musketry, shell, grape and canister, which poured into our boys with tremendous effect”. The Union soldiers were driven back three time before taking the enemy pits. A correspondent for The Troy Daily Times reported that 350 casualties had been suffered up to the 4^th of June, adding:

“This brigade was the first to charge and occupy the rebel works, and the two brigades from our division were rallied on the colors of the One Hundred and Sixty-ninth, and held possession of the enemy’s works.”

The battle proved to be yet another victory for the Confederate forces, with Union forces suffering 12,738 casualties. However it would prove to be the last victory of the war for General Lee’s army.

The Battle of Cold Harbour by Kurz & Allison (1888). Source: Library of Congress.

From June 16^th to December 7^th, 1864, the regiment took part in the siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond, where they occupied trenches only yards away from the Confederate lines, under “continual popping of guns and cannonading”. The regiment also formed working parties for maintenance of the front lines. On the 30^th of June, the regiment failed to muster its strength in a timely manner to support the flanks of an attack on the enemy lines at Petersburg.  Confederate forces unexpectedly counter attacked the flank and the 169^th Regiment suffered heavy casualties under “murderous fire”. During this period, the 169th Regiment saw action in The Battle of the Crater (July 30^th), where Union engineers tunnelled under Confederate trenches and detonated mines under the main strong point.

From the 13^th – 20^th August the 169^th Regiment formed part of the X Corps Army of the James [River] in the Second Battle of Deep Bottom. The battle took place on the north bank of the meandering River James, at a meandering loop known as Deep Bottom, just southeast of Richmond, Vergina. Union forces crossed north of the James River to draw Confederate forces away from the defence of Petersburg. It was here at Turkey Bend on the 13^th of August 1863, that Henry Orr’s nephew, John Hughes, was struck in the head by a Minnie musket ball. The shot fractured his skull and penetrated his brain, causing a severe wound. John was admitted to the U.S.A. General Hospital Fort Monroe, Verginia in a delirious state. Unfortunately, he succumbed to his wounds on the 15^th of August 1863. The chaplain of the 3^rd Division U.S. General Hospital Fort Monroe later wrote to John’s Mother:

“3d Division U. S. Gen. Hospital

Fortress Monroe, Va.

August 16th, 1864

Mrs. Ann Hughes

Corner of 4th & Ida Streets, Troy N.Y.

Dear Madam,

I regret to have to inform you of the death of your son, John Hughes, of Co. G. 169th N.Y., who died in this hospital this morning, & will be buried this evening in the Hampton Hospital burying ground, with the usual military and religious ceremonies. Your son was wounded at Turkey Bend Va. Aug. 13th. He was wounded in the head with a musket ball, and was brought here Aug 14th, he was delirious most of the time. It will gratify you to know that all possible attention was given him during his illness here. I trust my dear madam that this event so distressing to you, and which has left such a void in your family circle, will be borne with Christian resignation remembering that he dies nobly, who dies in the path of duty, and that the graves of a nation’s defenders are among her most priceless treasures. Let me also hope that you may be guided to that unfailing source of consolation, which through our blessed Savior is always attainable to those who are bereaved & afflicted.

I am, Madam,

Very Truly Yours,

Chas. A. Raymond

Chaplain 3^d Divis U.S. Gen. Hospital

Fortress Monroe, Va.”

It is unclear when Henry Orr received word of his nephew’s death, but having been in the vicinity at the time of his wounding, he may very well have feared the worst. Despite his grief however, Henry Orr would have been expected to endure his loss and solider on. This highlights the fundamental problem with “Pals” regiments, where closeknit villages and towns could suffer devastating losses in a single military engagement. This would later reemerge as an issue during the First World War.   

Map of the James River, highlighting the numerous locations where Henry Orr served while on campaign in Virginia. Proctor’s Creek (Red), Bermuda Hundred (Green), Deep Bottom (Blue), and Chafin Farm (Orange). The city of Richmond is located just off the map to the Northwest, while the City of Petersburg is located just off the map to the Southwest. Much of the land surrounding the Jame River would have been low meadows and swamps, which later contributed to Henry Orr contracting Malaria. Source: Pl. XVII Southwestern Virgina, The War of the Rebellion, Library of Congress.

From the 29^th to the 30^th of September the 169^th Regiment moved to Chaffin’s Farm, Virginia. It was here that Henry Orr first began to suffer from “Fever and Ague”, paroxysms of chills, fever, and sweating that recur at regular intervals. It is possible that these were the effects of Malaria, as the swamp terrain surrounding the James River was a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Henry Orr would suffer from recurring attacks of the disease throughout the remainder of his life. Following the engagement at Chaffin’s Farm, the 169^th regiment took part in the Battle of Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road from the 27^th to 28^th of October. The men of the 169^th Regiment would then spend the remainder of Autumn and the start of winter in the trenches around Richmond until December 7^th. Henry Orr’s service records show that he was “Absent sick or wd. [wounded] in U.S.G.H. [United States General Hospital]” in December 1864, it is possible that this may have been connected to his recuring attacks of fever and ague or due to the climate of area surrounding the James River.

On the out-break of war in 1861, one of the first acts of war conducted by Union forces was the creation of a naval blockade of Southern states. Initially described as a “paper boat” blockage, the effectiveness of the blockade increased as the war continued, and the capabilities of the Union Navy grew. Wilmington, North Carolina would become one of the most strategic cities in the south for blockade runners, which traded cotton and tobacco for vital supplies with British colonies. To guard the approach for the blockade runners Fort Fisher was built on a peninsula between the Cape Fear River and the Atlantic twenty miles south of Wilmington. It would quickly develop into the Confederacy’s largest fort, earning the nickname “Gibraltar of the South”. The fort was based on the design of the Russian defences at the Malakoff Redoubt in Sevastopol and consisted of a series of formidable earthen and sand mounds, which formed an L-shaped wall, with the principal length of fortifications facing the Atlantic to the east with 22 guns and a shorter length facing the land approach to the north with 25 guns. By 1865 Wilmington had become the last port open to the Confederate States, increasing the strategic value of the fort.

From December 24^th to 28^th 1864, the 169^th Regiment took part in the First Battle of Fort Fisher. Following a two-day naval bombardment, Union forces were landed on the Peninsula north of the fort. It was noted in the St. Croixavis newspaper that by landing on the east coast, Union forces had avoided being caught in a crossfire on Cape Fear River between Fort Fisher and Fort Caswell. The paper further noted that:

“The enemy having effected a lodgement above the fort is a serious matter. It will cost double the force to dislodge him that would have prevented his landing”.

In the end, Major General Benjamin Butler, the Union Commander in charge of the land forces, decided to abandon the assault on the “impenetrable” fortress, due to worsening weather conditions and the approach of Confederate reinforcements from the rear. After their withdrawal from the peninsula, the 169^th Regiment was returned to camp near Richmond around the 30^th of December. Following the failed assault, Butler was relieved of his command and plans for a second attack of a combined army and navy force began under the leadership of Major General Alfred Terry and Rear Admiral David D. Porter.

Excerpt from the St. Croixavis, 17th January 1865, with a report from Wilmington N.C., dated December 26th. “Wilmington N.C., Dec. 26. – The enemy’s infantry attacked Fort Fisher late last night. They were repulsed with considerable loss. There was heavy rain and wind through the night. Prisoners report the Twenty-fourth Corps of the Yankee army present, under Butler.”

On the 12^th of January 1865, an armada of 58 Union ships arrived at the peninsula, among them five “Ironclads”. At 7.20 a.m. the following morning a “galling” naval bombardment of the landing zone and fort commenced. Shortly after a force of nearly 10,000 Union soldiers was landed north of the fort.  Henry Orr’s company was the first to make landfall, immediately engaging in skirmishing fire against the enemy. Throughout the day forces continued to build up. By nightfall on the 14^th of January most of Fort Fisher’s main guns lay in ruin. By noon on the 15^th all but two of the guns along the land defences of the fort had been destroyed. The secondary force of 2,261 marines and sailors were landed along the coastal northeast side of the fort for the initial assault. At 3.25 p.m. the signal for the ground forces to attack was given when the full Union armada blasted their steam whistles, and bombardment of the land fortifications ceased. The marines and sailors attacked the fort armed only with revolvers and cutlasses. Coming under withering fire from the Confederate defenders the assault was driven back with high casualties. However, it quickly became apparent that the main attack was now falling upon the western edge of the fortification, where Union soldiers had cut through the wooden palisades with axes. Once breached the Union Infantry flooded through and quickly stormed the earth and sand walls of the fort, engaging in fierce hand to hand combat with the defenders. A second wave of Union attackers broke through the western gate, gaining access to the fort’s interior parade grounds. Union soldiers who had scaled the walls were able to aid this breach by firing down on the Confederate defenders within, scuppering their prospects of reinforcing the failing defences.

At 3.50 p.m. Henry Orr’s regiment, part of the third brigade led by Louis Bell, was sent forward in the third wave of the attack. They rushed across the bridge to the “bloody gate”, coming under fire from sharpshooters on the walls above.  One witness described the charge as:

“a storm of bullets and grape. The contest was desperate. The fort was to be taken or we were all gone. There was no such thing as getting away from it in case of failure”.

The colours of the 169th Regiment would soon be raised over the walls of Fort Fisher. However, Louis Bell and many other men were killed or wounded before reaching the fort. Henry Orr was shot and severely wounded during the rush towards the fort. The bullet that struck Henry Orr entered the front of his left shoulder joint, fracturing the bones, and wounding his lung, before exiting the rear, near the apex of his shoulder. A witness to the event stated that Henry was either brought back to the rear or made his own way back, where he received treatment for dangerous wounds. The attack on Fort Fisher lasted six hours and resulted in its capture. The event was regarded as being “the final nail in the Confederate coffin”, cutting off the Confederacy’s last secure trade route with the outside world, and many of the military supplies that its armies were heavily dependent on. The port of Wilmington itself was taken the following month on the 22^nd of February 1865. In total Union forces suffered 1,057 casualties, of which 199 were killed. The entire Confederate garrison were taken prisoner, with 583 of its strength being killed and wounded. However, many of these deaths occurred a day after the fort was captured, when drunk marines ignited the fort’s magazine, causing an explosion that killed two hundred Union soldiers and Confederate prisoners, who had been sleeping on top of, or nearby the magazine.  The 169^th Regiment sustained at total of 130 casualties during the attack.

“Capture of Fort Fisher” declared in the North in The Sun, 18th January 1865. “The Latest News By Telegraph to the N.Y. Sun. VICTORY!! Capture of Fort Fisher A GLORIOUS ASSAULT. SIX HOURS FIGHTING. 2,000 PRISONERS CAPTUTED. Gen. Whiting Among Them. 500 REBELS KILLED! 72 CANNON TAKEN! Our Loss in Battle 900 Men. EXPLOSION OF THE MAGAZINE OF THE FORT. 200 OF OUR MEN KILLED.”

Loss of Fort Fisher is announced in the South in The Camden Confederate, 18th January 1865. “FROM WILMINGTON. Richmond, Jan. 16. – The following official despatch was received this morning, dated headquarters, January 16. To Hon. J. A. Seddon: Gen. Bragg reports that the enemy had bombarded Fort Fisher furiously all day yesterday. At 4 p.m. their infantry came up to assault, and a heavy demonstration at the same hour being made against their rear by our troops. At half past six p.m. Gen. Whiting reported their attack had failed, and the garrison as being strengthened with fresh troops. About — p.m. the fort was captured with the garrison. Since which time no further Particulars has been received.”

Chromolithograph depicting Union forces scaling the earth and sand fortifications to capture Fort Fisher on 15th January 1865. Henry Orr and the 169^th Regiment would have attacked the fort at the northwest side, shown in the foreground. The secondary attack by Union marines and sailors on the northeast side of the fort can be seen in the background.   Published: Chicago: Kurz & Allison, Art Publishers. 1890. Source: Library of Congress.

Plan of second attack, January 15th, 1865. The fort was subjected to a withering bombardment by the Union navy along the eastern coastal face, while Union land forces attacked the fort from the north of the peninsula. Union marines and sailors attacked the northeast coastal corner of the fort, while a grater force of the Union army attacked the northwest side of the fort and the gate beside the Cape Fear River. Source: Library of Congress.

Casualty Sheet recording Henry Orr’s wound as a “Flesh wound, Shoulder, Severe, (Bullet)”

Henry Orr was remarkably fortunate to survive his wounds, however his shoulder had been completely shattered. On the 25^th of January 1865, Henry Orr was admitted to the McDougall U.S.A. General hospital at Fort Schuyler, New York Harbour, where he remained until the 10^th of March, when he was transferred to the General Hospital near his hometown of Troy, New York. He remained there until his discharge from the army in Albany, New York, on 9^th June 1865. A medical examiner later noted that while his wounds appeared to have healed, he was incapable of moving his left arm up from his body, describing it as being fixed to the side of his body and totally crippled. Though Henry could move his forearm, he quickly lost strength from the effort and had no power of grip. Furthermore, it was noted that the pain caused by his shattered shoulder affected his sleep. The examining doctor found Henry Orr to be totally and permanently incapacitated and unfit to continue manual labour.

On the 14^th of August 1865 Henry Orr applied for a disability pension which was granted at $8.00 per month, subject to an annual examination. In 1866 an examiner recommended that his pension be raised to $15.00 per month, as his disability was “permanently equal to loss of hand”. The following year however an examiner recommended that his pension should not exceed more than $8.00 per month and be subject to semi-annual examinations. An examination for an increase in pension on the 12^th of March 1868 found that there was stiffness in Henry Orr’s shoulder, and that the development of his arm was good. It was again concluded that his disability was “not permanently equivalent to loss of hand or foot”. A subsequent examination twelve days afterwards on the 24^th of March, by the same surgeon, reversed the previous assessment, with the surgeon stating that he now considered “his disability totally equal to 3rd Grade, the disability is permanently equivalent to the loss of the arm”. This highlights the acute nature of the relapses suffered by Henry due to his wounds.

Henry Orr died at his home, No. 80 Ida Street, in the city of Troy, New York, on 17^th October 1870, aged 44 years. His death certificate recorded his cause of death as erysipelas, a common but potentially dangerous bacterial infection which enters through breaks in the skin or through bedsores. It was later noted that his war wounds had been discharging pus at the time of death. Henry Orr was buried with his daughter, Mary Elizabeth Orr, in St. Mary’s Cemetery, Troy. A year later, on the 1^st of August 1871, his son William would also pass away, further adding to the family’s grief and worsening circumstances.

Henry Orr’s death certificate (a duplicate from the Book of Records), dated 14th September 1879, nine years after Henry’s death. Cause of death is recorded as Erysipelas.

Eight years after Henry’s death, on the 20^th of May 1878, his wife, Bridget, applied for a widow’s pension, claiming that her husband’s death had been a direct result of his military service. It was noted in an affidavit supplied by Bridget that her husband had been a “strong healthy and powerful man” prior to his service. She noted that after being wounded he became “weak + disabled and went into a general decline and continued to run down in his health on account of his said wounds received and disease” contracted during his military service. Bridget testified that he suffered from constant fever and ague since returning from his service, the first instance of which she witnessed at the Camp Hospital near Troy, where her husband was being treated for his wounds. Ultimately, it was claimed that his health never recovered and continued to deteriorate day by day until he “seemed to give out entirely and his death resulted” five years after being wounded. Bridget stated that she had been urged to surrender her husband’s pension after he died, being told that “only the Soldier himself was entitled to a pension that when he died the pension died with him”, she declared she had been ignorant of the pension laws at the time, but now needed a pension to care for her two youngest children as she had become poor. Bridget Orr supplied supporting affidavits from family members, neighbours, and fellow soldiers, all of whom confirmed her claim as widow of Henry Orr and attesting their opinions that his death was a direct result of both his wounds and the disease he contracted while in the army.

 
Donald Monroe, who lived within four or five blocks of Henry Orr, stated that he had also served in the 169^th Regiment, and was a witness to Henry Orr being shot and brought back the rear as the advance on Fort Fisher was taking place. He stated that Henry Orr had been a strong and healthy man prior to the war. He recalled that Henry first suffered from “an attack of the Fever and Ague” at Chaffin’s Farm in Virginia. Seeing him after his discharge, he noted that Henry was “all broken down in health + strength by reason of his wounds and sickness and disease so contracted in the army as aforesaid and he continued to fail in health there from and by reason there of until his death ensued”. Monroe recorded seeing Henry on his death bed, suffering from no other sickness or disease other “than that of general giving out and weakness and by reason of his said wounds”. Fellow soldier, John Melligan, who lived across the street from Henry Orr, also attested to knowing him as a strong healthy man prior to receiving a “severe and dangerous wound” at the battle of Fort Fisher. He attested that “Henry Orr constantly complained of his said wound more & more and frequently said to deponent – said wound was Killing him” and that “he constantly complained of severe aches & pains in the place where he was so wounded as afore said and would say that they were getting worse all the while. John Melligan furthermore attested that immediately prior to Henry’s death he had complained of headaches, and a great pain that spread from the wound in his shoulder to his chest.

 
Bridget’s application for a widow’s pension would be fraught with setbacks and delays. Chief among them was the length of time that had passed since Henry Orr’s death, during which period records had been lost and the death of the family Physician, Dr Thom, had occurred. After four years, Bridget’s pension application was rejected on the 10^th of November 1882, as

“There is no evidence that his wounds or the service killed this man, and there are good grounds for suspecting that they did not kill him”.

Highlighting the financial difficulties that the family may have faced, Bridget Orr’s daughter, Bridget, and her husband, Joseph Keenan had moved back into the family home at 80 Ida Street in 1881. Their two children would later be born in the family home. On the 17^th of October 1885, Bridget’s son John Orr, who had been working as a harness maker, and who had testified as a witness on his mother’s behalf died; fifteen years to the day after his father’s death. That same year Bridget’s other daughter, Emma Amelia, her husband, William Myers, and their child moved into Bridget Orr’s house, possibly to help make up the income lost on John’s death. Despite the challenges, Bridget Orr steadfastly continued to try and claim pension for her late husband, and seven years later, on the 29^th of April 1889 the Medical Division of the Bureau of Pensions finally noted that:

“While the immediate cause of Soldier’s death is not clearly shown. Still the evidence filed indicates that Soldier suffered from a Gun Shot wound which was suppurating at time of death. It is also shown that Soldier’s death was in all probability due to exhaustion which can be accepted as a result of the wound. In view of these facts it is my opinion that former action of rejection should be reversed and from a Medical stand point Widow’s claim is admissible”

Affidavits were presented to prove that Bridget Orr had not remarried in the ten years since her husband’s death, and that her children Henry and Bridget Orr were still living and had both attained the age of 16 years. Following this, on the 10^th of March 1890, -twenty years after her husband’s death- Bridget Orr’s widow’s pension was finally approved and signed off with the following statement:

“Death resulted from exhaustion due to cause which has been legally accepted.” 
“Gunshot wound of left shoulder accepted”.

Adding to Bridget Orr’s hard-won widow’s pension she was also entitled to 20 years’ worth of back-payments, amounting to a substantial sum of money for the time. Upon Bridget receiving her pension her daughter, Emma Amelia and her family moved out of 80 Ida Street, establishing a grocery nearby. On the 22^nd of January 1897, Bridget Orr’s last son, Henry, died.  In May 1897, Bridget’s brother, Michael Clancy, who had been a witness for her pension application, died in Wisconsin. This was followed in June 1897, by the death of daughter Amelia’s husband, William, and soon after, in February 1899, by the death of Amelia herself. Amelia’s four children, aged between 4 and 17 years, then moved back into the family home with Bridget Orr and the Keenan family. Bridget Clancy Orr died from heart disease on the 20^th of July 1900, she was survived by just one of her six children, Bridget Keenan.

The American Civil War ended in defeat for the Confederate States on 26^th May 1865, and remains to this day Americas most costly war. An estimated 650,000 – 750,000 soldiers had been killed, with the total number of casualties numbering up 1,030,000, or 3% of the total population of the United States. Civilian casualties have been estimated at up to 50,000 free people and 60,000 slaves, with tens of thousands more undocumented slaves believed to have been killed. Most of the fighting occurred in the South, causing heavy war damage to its cities and towns, furthermore the freeing of four million slaves shattered the South’s plantation economy, causing an estimated $2,600,000,000 worth of property loss. Bitterness over the defeat of the Sothern States would last for decades. Sadly, for tens of thousands of men like Henry Orr, the suffering caused by wounds and psychological traumas would continue long after the fighting had ended. For the newly freed slaves, the odds were quickly stacked against them, beginning a century long struggle to gain true freedom and equality.

The American Civil War foreshadowed the future of industrial warfare. Regarded as being the “first modern war”, it saw the introduction of rapid-fire weapons such as the Gatling Gun, trench warfare, and large-scale use of railways and the telegraph networks for supply and communication. The introduction of the ironclad battle ships and rifled cannon made wooden battleships obsolete, causing a rapid naval arms race among the world’s superpowers, which would come to a head during the First World War. Furthermore, the psychological effects of war such as “soldiers’ heart” were examined in great detail for the first time due to the high numbers of soldiers who suffered in the post-war years. Bridget Orr’s brother-in-law, Michael O’Brien, would commit suicide shortly after the war. In acknowledgement that the war had been a major contributing factor, his date of death was backdated to 1865 on his grave. Many of the psychological disorders that emerged in large scale during and after the American Civil War, would emerge tenfold decades later during the First World War, where many of the military lessons learned during the Civil War were enacted or enhanced.

I would like to express a special thank you to Dawn and Chris Helser, a relative of Henry and Bridget Orr through the Clancy family, who kindly brought his story to my attention, and shared this fantastic abundance of information on his life and death.

A Daguerreotype of Bridget circa 1860’s. It is quite possible that Henry Orr carried this image of his wife, Bridget, with him as he campaigned during the Civil War. The Daguerreotype process was outdated by the late 1850’s. Image kindly provided by Dawn Helser & Jan Holt, relatives of Henry and Bridget Orr through the Clancy family.

Henry Orr’s government issue gravestone, which stands adjacent to the family plot in St. Mary’s Cemetery, Troy. The inscription set within the shield (which denotes him as a Union soldier) reads: “HENRY ORR CO. G. 169TH N.Y. INF.”

The Orr family grave in St. Mary’s Cemetery, Troy, Rensselaer County, New York, USA. The inscription reads “IN MEMORY OF HENRY ORR DIED OCT 17. 1870 AGED 44 YEARS BRIDGET CLANCY HIS WIFE DIED JULY 20. 1900” the other three faces of the monument record their children: Mary E Orr (8^th October 1856), William Orr (1^st August 1871), John Orr (17^th October 1885), and Henry Orr (22^nd January 1897). Daughters, Emma Amelia, and Bridget are the only Orr children not buried in the family plot.  Image kindly provided by Dawn Helser, a relative of Henry and Bridget Orr through the Clancy family.

—– 1894 —–

Hong Kong Plague

Captain George Colthurst-Vesey

1^st Battalion, Shropshire Light Infantry.

Died 4^th June 1894

George Colthurst-Vesey was born on 27^th April 1859. Son of High Sheriff of County Dublin, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Vesey Colthurst-Vesey, and Annie Fraser, of Lucan House.

George Colthurst-Vesey’s Great-Great-Great-Grandfather, Agmondisham Vesey, came into the ownership of then Lucan Castle, and its Estate, after marrying Charlotte Sarsfield, daughter of William Sarsfield (and niece of The Earl of Lucan Patrick Sarsfield). Agmondisham Vesey’s son, the Right Honourable Agmondisham Vesey, was responsible for demolishing the original Lucan Castle and building the current Lucan House. On the death of the younger Agmondisham Vesey, George Vesey inherited Lucan House, through whose line our George Colthurst-Vesey descended.

On 9^th January 1877, the London Gazette noted that Gentleman George Colthurst-Vesey, was to become Sub Lieutenant (Supernumerary) in the County of Dublin. A year later, on the 10^th of January 1878, the London Gazette noted that Sub Lieutenant George Colthurst-Vesey, was to be Lieutenant, in the County of Dublin.

On 10^th October 1879, the London Gazette announced “Lieutenant George Colthurst-Vesey, from the Dublin County Militia, to be Second Lieutenant, vice S. F. G. Cavendish, promoted. Dated 11^th October, 1879″.

George Colthurst-Vesey appears in the Army List of 1880 as a Second Lieutenant with the 53^rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot. In 1881, under the Childer’s Reform, the 53^rd Regiment of Foot became the 1^st Battalion of the King’s Shropshire Light Infantry.

In 1882 Second Lieutenant George Colthurst-Vesey and the 1^st Battalion of the King’s Shropshire Light Infantry took part in the Egyptian War. A British Expeditionary Force was sent to aid the British backed Khedivate of Egypt after growing resentment for increased British and European involvement in Egypt lead the Egyptian army to mutiny and threaten British interests. When in Egypt, the British became involved in wars in the Sudan, which had been occupied by the Khedivate of Egypt since the 1820’s. 

Second Lieutenant George Colthurst-Vesey was present at the surrender of Kafr El Dawwar and Damietta. In 1883 the 1^st Battalion was transferred to Malta. However, it would return to serve in the expedition to the Sudan in 1885. Second Lieutenant George Colthurst-Vesey would here serve as Adjutant of the 1^st Battalion Shropshire Light Infantry, where he was mentioned in despatches. He was later involved in the British occupation of Suakin 1885-86. For his service in Egypt and Sudan, Second Lieutenant George Colthurst-Vesey was awarded the Egypt Medal with “Suakin” clasp and the Khedive’s Star.

On 11^th May 1885, father, Charles Vesey Colthurst-Vesey, died at the age of fifty-eight, leaving Lucan House and its surrounding estate to his son, George Colthurst-Vesey. An article by the Dublin Daily Express, dated 10^th August 1886, and entitled “Lucan as A Health Resort”, notes “…from whom it descended by marriage to the ancestors of the late Colonel Vesey, his eldest son, George Colthurst Vesey, 53^rd Shropshire Regiment, being its present proprietor”.

 Following their service in the Sudan, the 1^st Battalion Shropshire Light Infantry would again return to Malta in 1887. On the 23^rd of November 1888, Second Lieutenant George Colthurst-Vesey was promoted to the rank of Captain. The 1^st Battalion King’s Shropshire Light Infantry would remain in Malta until 1891, when the battalion was transferred to Hong-Kong.

In January 1894, an outbreak of Bubonic Plague (Black Death) was recorded in Guangzhou, China. It would not take long for the Pandemic to spread across to Hong-Kong, helped by the mass movement of Chinese Labourers to the port city and the poor living conditions they endured while living there. The first recorded death from plague in Hong-Kong was recorded on the 10^th of May 1894. The following day emergency legislation was passed making it compulsory for any suspected cases to be reported, it also allowed the authorities to enter property in search of infected people, who would then be removed into quarantine. Due to the scale of the operation to try and eradicate the spread of the plague, the local authorities enlisted the help of volunteers from the 1^st Battalion King’s Shropshire Light Infantry to perform house-to-searches and disinfection. In their new roll in the fight against the plague, the men became known as ‘Whitewash Brigade’. In charge of this three hundred strong ‘Whitewash Brigade’ was Captain George Colthurst-Vesey. 

No chances were taken when clearing the houses; the ‘Whitewash Brigade’ provided occupants with new clothes, before sending them into quarantine. Their houses were then sprayed or fumigated; the floors and furniture cleaned with Jeyes Fluid, the walls whitewashed, and contaminated bed clothes, clothes, and belongings burnt. The ‘Whitewash Brigade’ also manned the wagons that transported the dead for burial. 

As they were in the forefront of the fight against the spread of the Plague, the 1^st Battalion King’s Shropshire Light Infantry were the first Europeans to fall victim it. One officer and nine men of the battalion would contract the plague; that officer was Captain George Colthurst-Vesey. Unfortunately, Captain George Colthurst-Vesey and one other man of the battalion would die from plague. Captain George Colthurst-Vesey died on the 4^th of June 1894 aged thirty-five. Tragically, he was set to retire at the end if his tour of duty. Captain George Colthurst-Vesey is buried in Hong Kong Cemetery Happy Valley, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. Ownership of Lucan House then passed to George’s younger brother, Captain Charles Nicholas Colthurst-Vesey J. P. 

Morning Post 11 June 1894, notice of the death of George Colthurst Vesey. “Vesey. On the 4^th inst., at Hong Kong, George Colthurst Vesey, [Captain?] 1^st Shropshire L.I., of Lucan House, county Dublin, eldest [son of the?] late Colonel C. Colthurst Vesey, aged thirty-five.” Source: The British Newspaper Archives.

Leinster Express, Saturday, June 09, 1894, notice of the death of George Colthurst Vesey. “Vesey – June 4, at Hong Kong, George Colthurst Vesey, Captain 1^st Shropshire, L.I., of Lucan House, County Dublin, eldest son of the late Col. C. Colthurst Vesey, aged 35”. Source: The British Newspaper Archives.

Between 1894 and 1929 the Hong Kong Plague killed over 20,000 people, having a mortality rate over 90%. As a result of this outbreak of plague it was discovered in 1894, that rats spread the disease. The outbreak also led to the authorities providing better sanitary and living conditions for the Chinese Labourers of Hong-Kong.

The Hong-Kong authorities later awarded all those who helped fight the out-break of plague with medals. Gold medals were issued to the officers and silver medals to other ranks. Captain George Colthurst-Vesey was posthumously awarded a gold medal for his service to the Hong-Kong community.

An example of the extremely rare Gold Hong-Kong Plague Medal, which would have been posthumously awarded to Captain George Colthurst. The Government and “grateful community” of Hong Kong presented the medals to those who volunteered to stem the spread of the plague; with officers receiving a gold medal and enlisted men receiving a silver medal. Only Captain George Colthurst and one other soldier died while volunteering, making their medals even rarer still. Source: Soldiers of Shropshire Museum.

The overgrown grave of Captain George Colthurst-Vesey, Hong Kong Cemetery Happy Valley, Hong Kong Island. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Chris Nelson.

Memorial to Captain George Colthurst-Vesey, erected in St. Chad’s Church Shrewsbury, Shropshire, by the men of the 1st Battalion Shropshire Light Infantry. “Sacred to the memory of Captain George Colthurst Vesey 1^st Battn. Shropshire Lt. Inftry. Who died at Hongkong of Plague while doing his duty with his men in endeavouring to suppress that epidemic. Born April 27. 1859, died June 4. 1894. This tablet was erected by the officers and men of the 1^st Battn. Shropshire L. I. ‘And I give unto them eternal life, and they shall never perish.’ St. John X.28”. Source: Militaryimages.net.

Memorial dedicated to George Colthurst Vesey in the gallery of St. Andrew’s Church, Lucan. “TO THE BELOVED MEMORY OF GEORGE COLTHURST VESEY CAPT. 1^st SHROPSHIRE L.I. ELDEST SON OF THE LATE COL. COLTHURST VESEY DIED AT HONG KONG 4^th JUNE 1894 AT THE POST OF DUTY AGED 35. “WAITING FOR THE COMING OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST.”” Photograph: Jonathan Cully.

First World War

Private William Kelly

793, 2^nd Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers.

Died 26^th August 1914

Patrick Kelly was born in Lucan on 11^th September 1889, son of Blacksmith Patrick Kelly and Jane Byrne.

In the 1901 Census, 12-year-old William Kelly can be found living in St. Catherine’s Park. Father, Patrick (Game Keeper, 45), mother, Jane (37), and siblings, Peter (Farm Labourer, 15), Catherine (9), Patrick (7), Mary (5), Margaret (3), and aunt, Mary (Domestic Servant, 38), are also present.

On 8^th May 1905, at the age of 16 (his apparent age is listed as “17”), William Kelly enlisted with the militia, joining the 5^th Royal Dublin Fusiliers. William’s service number was listed as being 6478. William’s occupation was listed as “Messenger”, with Captain Vesey of Lucan House being listed as his “present (or former) Master”. William’s father, Patrick Kelly, was recorded as next of Kin, with an address in St. Catherine’s, Lucan, Co. Dublin. His Militia Attestation papers appear to have been filled out for him, though William appears to have signed them himself. William Kelly was transferred “To Reg Army” on 12^th September 1905. His service number in the Lancashire Fusiliers, 793, corresponds with having joined the Lancashire Fusiliers between 20^th April 1905 and 23^rd January 1906. This would have made him professional soldier on the outbreak of war in 1914.

The 2^nd Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers embarked for France from Southampton on board the ship “Saturnia”. They landed in Boulogne at 11pm on 22^nd August 1914 and disembarked from Saturnia at 6am on 23^rd August. They then made their way by train to Bertry and marched onwards to Ligny. In the early hours of the morning of 25^th August 1914, the 2^nd Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers marched to Quievy, where they entrenched themselves. The Battalion war diary reported “Tropical rain towards evg[evening], and sky illuminated by burning Mons. Few Ger. [German] shells landed nr[near] 2/20th’s trenches. No one hit”. (The Lancashire Fusiliers were previously the 20^th Regiment of Foot; the battalion war diary often refers to the 2^nd Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers as 2/20^th or 2/XX) 

At 9.30pm the battalion marched to position five miles North-North-West of Ligney in heavy rain. By 3.45am on 26^th August the battalion had reached Longsart Fme, a boggy stretch of moorland. At first light the battalion set about digging trenches with their small entrenching shovels, despite being “v tired”. Only shallow trenches had been completed by 5.45am. At 6am the battalion came under heavy machine gun and shell fire, taking heavy casualties as the shallow trenches offered little protection from the shell bursts. The British received no support from their own artillery for up to three hours, in what the battalion war diary describes as an “unequal contest”. German cavalry then led an attack on the British front lines and “dense masses of inf.[infantry] issued from wood and farm buildings”.

2nd Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers War Diary; a rough map “From XX Annual, showing positions of 2/20th Aug 26th, 1914”, the day William Kelly was killed. Source: National Archives, Kew.

The main force of the German attack came against the right flank of the battalion; the weight of the attack soon shifted towards the left flank and Captain Ward’s “D” Company started to take heavy casualties. All of “D” Company’s officers were soon killed or wounded. As the Germans continued to push the left flank and the 2^nd Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers started to retreat. The men of the 2^nd Lancashire Fusiliers were cut down by heavy enemy machine gun fire. Continuing to fall back, and being pursued by the Germans, the 2^nd Battalion rallied on a Saddle-back ridge and checked the heavy German advance. The British withdrew back a further three hundred yards, taking shelter from heavy shell fire behind a farm building, which was soon reduced to a ruin by German artillery. The Battalion continued to withdraw, becoming extremely disorganised with some of the battalion covering the retreat of the British artillery. The Battalion was ordered to march until 10pm when it finally took rest in farm buildings.

402 men of the 2^nd Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers failed to appear for the roll call that night. On September 9^th, 1914, 143 of those absent would eventually re-join the battalion; leaving a total of 259 men Killed, Wounded, or Missing. 25-year-old William Kelly would unfortunately be among those presumed killed on the 26^th of August. he would be Lucan’s first casualty of the Great War, dying only four days after arriving in France.

William Kelly was initially buried in an unknown grave, however his remains were identified post war, when his body was exhumed and re-buried in a collective grave in Esnes Communal Cemetery, grave I., France. He shares a gravestone with a Private J. Humphries of the 2^nd Battalion Essex Regiment. William Kelly’s Dependant’s Pension Card lists his father Patrick Kelly as a dependent, giving an address in Mill Bank Lucan.

William Kelly is buried in a collective in Esnes Communal Cemetery, France. He shares a headstone with a Private J. Humphries of the 2nd Battalion Essex Regiment. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Digger.

Guardsman William Graham

4541, 1^st Battalion, Irish Guards.

Died 6^th November 1914

William Graham was born in Lucan on 12^th December 1896, son of Labourer John Graham and Anne Tait. William’s mother Anne was originally from Scotland, where his older brother Patrick seems to have been born. 

In the 1901 Census, William is found living in Lucan with his parents, four brothers, sister, and cousin. His father is again listed as a Labourer. On 1^st November 1905, William’s mother died in the Celbridge Workhouse. His father John died shortly after on 28^th February 1908.

In the 1911 Census, William is still living in Lucan with his three brothers Patrick, Robert, and James; oldest brother Patrick is now listed as “head of the house”. Also present are his sister Jessie and brother-in-law Joseph Murray, along with their four children. William’s occupation is listed as telegraph boy. 

William’s medal index card shows that he arrived in France on the 21^st August 1914. This means that he was a regular soldier of the British army prior to the outbreak of the First World War. As such, William would have been one of the first sent to France as part of the British Expeditionary Force (which is noted on his Medal Index Card as “B.E.F.”).

The British Expeditionary Force was made up of regular professional soldiers and reservists. Despite being dwarfed in size by the conscript armies fielded by the French and Germans, the highly trained professional soldiers of the B.E.F. proved to be formidable in checking the advance of the larger German army as it tried to advance on Paris in 1914. 

William Graham would have been present at many of the wars first battles, which at this stage were very fluid engagements, as the war had not yet stagnated into trenches. He likely would have been present at the Battle of Mons and the Great Retreat that followed (where the 1^st Battalion of the Irish Guards formed part of the rear-guard to cover the retreating Allied armies). The 1^st Battalion would also form a rear-guard at the Battle of Le Chateau; and later take part in the Battle of the Marne, the advance on the Aisne, and the First Battle of Ypres.

The 1^st Battalion of the Irish Guards suffered heavy casualties between the 1^st and 8^th November, during the First Battle of Ypres. On the 6^th of November in particular -the day that William was killed- No.1 Company of the 1^st Battalion was cut down after their flank was exposed, leaving them caught in the open. Many of the company were reported missing, it is likely that William Graham was among them. He was only 18 years old at the time of his death.

On 6^th November 1914, the 1^st Battalion Irish Guards Battalion War Diary reports “A quiet morning, but at 1pm the enemy began shelling again”. The bombardment of light field artillery and machine gun fire was to last an hour, when the Germans launched an attack on the French, just to the right of the 1^st Battalion Irish Guards. The French retreated, leaving the right flank of the battalion exposed, a situation the Germans quickly took advantage of.

Number 2 Company was forced to fall back “in good order and fighting” to the support trenches. As a result, Number 1 Company was left isolated in the front lines and the “greater part of them were missing at the end of the day”.

The Household Cavalry were sent up to the front and together with one hundred men of the Irish Guards, who had regrouped, advanced through a wooded area, and charged the rapidly advancing Germans. 

The Irish Guards were outnumbered and after 5pm were forced to retreat further and set up a fresh line of defence 150 yards behind the support trenches. This was held by the Cavalry until the Irish Guards could be reformed and fed.

Due to the pressing German attack, the Battalion War Diary noted “The N.C.O. + men’s Casualties could not be made up this night”. At 1am in the morning of 7^th November, the 1^st Battalion Irish Guards relieved the Cavalry in lines and immediately set about digging trenches in their new position. The trenches had been “sufficiently completed” by 5am, providing cover from Shell fire. At 6am orders were received to maintain heavy fire to support a counterattack by the 22^nd Brigade on the right.

Initially successful the counterattack by the 22^nd Brigade relieved the pressure and artillery fire from the 1^st Battalion Irish Guards. However, it failed to reach the line required and the 22^nd Brigade was forced to retreat under heavy fire.

The 1^st Battalion Irish Guards War Diary records 70 Other Ranks Killed, 346 wounded, and 197 missing for the period between 31^st October and 7^th November 1914. Among the missing was William Graham, who has no known grave, and is commemorated on the Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial, Panel 11., Belgium.

Fellow Lucanian, William Moore D.C.M., also of the 1^st Battalion Irish Guards, would have been present during these same events. Unfortunately, he would die soon after on 23^rd November 1914. 

William Graham’s sister, Jessie Murray, with an address of Church Place, Lucan, is noted as claimant on his Dependent’s Pension Card. 

William Graham’s name on the Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial, Belgium. Photograph by Mark Mac Sherry. Fellow Lucanian, Hubert Victor Wyon, is named on neighbouring panel No.9. Source: Mark Mac Sherry.

Guardsman William Moore, D.C.M.

4015, 1^st Battalion, Irish Guards.

Died 23^rd November 1914.

William Moore was born on 28^th August 1893, in Westmanstown, Lucan. Son of Labourer James Moore and Catherine Norton.

In the 1901 Census, 7-year-old William can be found living with his grandfather, William Norton, in Clonsilla. His mother Catherine, now a widow, two sisters, Mary & Catherine, and his older brother James are also present. 

The 1911 Census finds William living in Laragchon, Lucan. By then he was listed as being 19 years old and gave his occupation as that of an agricultural Labourer. William’s older brother James is listed as Head of the House and his two sisters are both present. The family are also shown to have taken in two nurse children. 

On the outbreak of war in 1914, William Moore was already regular soldier with the British army.

The 1^st Battalion Irish Guards embarked from Southampton on board the P&O SS Novara on 12^th August 1914. The SS Novara arrived in Havre the following morning, at 6a.m. on 13^th August. This is confirmed by William’s Medal Index Card, which gives 13^th August 1914 as his date of entry into a theatre of war. As such William would have been part of the original British Expeditionary Force sent to France and would have been present for many of the opening battles of the war.

Both William Moore and Fellow Lucanian, William Graham served with the 1^st Battalion Irish Guards during this period, unfortunately, William Graham was to go missing on the 6^th of November 1914.

At 2a.m. In morning of 15^th November 1914, the 1^st Battalion Irish Guards War Diary reports that the battalion relieved the South Wales Borderers in the front lines. The relief was completed by 3.30a.m. Constant shelling was reported throughout the day. The men spent the day improving the trenches and digging communication trenches. Enemy snipers were reported to be “busy” all day.

The 16^th of November was “a day of heavy shelling, constant sniping, and in the evening an attack by fire”. At midnight, an enemy soldier entered the trench with two of his fingers shot off and professed that he had had enough fighting. On this day, while fighting near Klein Zillebeake, William, selflessly attempted to rescue a wounded comrade under “Very dangerous circumstances”. William was instantly wounded himself. He would, unfortunately, die from his wounds a week later, on 23^rd November 1914. There was no apparent mention of this in the battalion war diaries.

For this act of bravery, William Moore was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal, the second highest award for gallantry after the Victoria Cross. His citation appeared in the London Gazette on Saturday 16^th January 1915.

The Irish Times reported the award of the medal on Monday 18^th January with the following details:

“Private W. Moore, first battalion Irish Guards- For conspicuous gallantry near Klein Zillebeake on 16th November, in endeavouring to rescue a wounded comrade under very dangerous circumstances but was immediately badly wounded himself.” 

William is buried in Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, Plot III. A. 66., France. 

William’s brother, James Moore, of “Lavacon” Lucan paid for the personal inscription on William’s grave, which aptly reads:

“GREATER LOVE
HATH NO MAN THAN THIS
THAT A MAN LAY DOWN
HIS LIFE FOR HIS FRIENDS”

William Moore’s award of the Distinguished Conduct Medal was announced in the Sheffield Daily Telegraph 18 January 1915. “PRIVATE W. MOORE (4015), 1^st Irish Guards. Endeavouring to rescue wounded comrades under very dangerous circumstances. Badly wounded himself”. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

William Moore’s award of the Distinguished Conduct Medal was announced in The Irish Times, 18 January 1915. “Private W. Moore, 1^st Battalion Irish Guards- For conspicuous gallantry near Klein Zillebeke, on 16^th November, in endeavouring to rescue a wounded comrade under very dangerous circumstances, but was immediately badly wounded himself”. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

The Scotsman 28 January 1915 announces the death of “Moore, 4015, W., Irish Guards”. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

The grave of William Moore DCM, showing a typographical error in the personal inscription, which reads “That a man lay down his the for his friends”. The inscription should read “That a man lay down his life for his friends”. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Blueheaven.

Guardsman Patrick Kilduff

4088, 1^st Battalion, Irish Guards.

Died 9^th January 1915.

Born in Allenswood, Leixlip, in 1891. Son of William Kilduff and Mary Anne Pendy, who were married in St Mary’s Church, Lucan, on 13^th August 1871.

The Kilduff family can be found in Allenswood, Leixlip, on the 1901 Census. Patrick, aged ten, was listed as a scholar. Patrick’s father, William, was a dealer in coal, and his mother, Maryanne, was a housekeeper. Patrick’s older siblings, Bridget, William, Teresa, Maggie, younger sister, Nannie, and niece Maggie Procter are also present. Eldest sister Bridget was born in England, suggesting that the family may have briefly live or travelled there around 1877.

In 1911, Patrick Kilduff is found living in Cooldrinagh, Lucan, in the home of Margaret Doyle, for whom he works as a porter. Apart from Margaret Doyle, who is head of the house, the other seven occupants of the house were porters and maids.

Patrick’s Parents, William, and Mary Anne Kilduff, are found living in Leixlip Town. Fourteen-year-old, Margaret Proctor, now listed as their niece, is the only one present from the previous 1901 Census. 

Patrick Kilduff would enlist with the Irish Guards. He arrived in France on 8^th December 1914. The following day on the 9^th December, Patrick Kilduff made out the following will:

Unfortunately, Patrick would be killed exactly a month after writing his will, on 9^th January 1915.

Patrick Kilduff’s Soldiers Will, recording his mother as beneficiary. “In the event of my death I give the whole of my property and effects to Mrs M A Kilduff Leixlip Co Kildare Ireland Sig No 4088 Pte P Kilduff No 2 Coy Irish Guards 9^th December 1914”. Source: National Archives of Ireland.

On the 9^th of January the 1^st Battalion Irish Guards War Diary reports a very bleak situation for the men in the trenches. The night of the 8^th passed without any special incident from the enemy, the same however could not be said for the weather; with the water in trenches rising steadily throughout the night. It was stated that “in no place was the water less than 3 feet deep…” and that “The depth of mud too often made it very difficult to get along, & the whole line of trenches was in a deplorable state”. Despite this the men of the 1^st Battalion Irish Guards were noted to have been in the best of spirits, making the best of a “Very bad place”. 

The enemy trenches were located only 60 yards away, and some solace was taken from the knowledge that the German trenches had to have been just as waterlogged as the British trenches. The water continued to rise during the day, until it was decided to withdraw most of the men out of the front-line trenches. Only a few strong points in the line were to be left manned. The men were withdrawn to a line of destroyed houses which lined the Rue Du Bois; the houses being made defensible by the men. Three men were reported to have been killed and two wounded. One of the three killed was, unfortunately, likely to have been Patrick Kilduff. 

He is buried in Rue-des-Berceauc Military Cemetery, Richebourg-L’avoue, plot I. A. 14. France. His name does not appear on the Leixlip War Memorial.

Special thank you Caroline Lawless, for filling in the gaps of Patrick’s connection to the Lucan Kilduff family.

Patrick Kilduff is reported Killed in the Daily Express Newspaper on Monday 1^st March 1915. “BRITISH ARMY CASUALTIES. HEAVY LOSSES AMONG N.C.O.s AND MEN. UNDER DATE JANUARY 20. KILLED. KILDUFF. 4088 Pte P., Irish Gds.” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Patrick Kilduff is reported Killed in the Daily News (London) Newspaper on Monday 1st March 1915. “NATION’S ROLL OF HONOUR. 2,000 Names in Latest Casualty Lists. FURTHER LOSSES AMONG TERRITORIALS. N.C.O.’s AND MEN. JANUARY 20. KILLED. KILDUFF, P. 4088, Irish Guards.” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Patrick Kilduff is reported Killed in the Sheffield Daily Telegraph on Monday 1st March 1915. “ARMY CAUSALTIES. The following casualties amongst non-commissioned officers and men of the Expeditionary Force are reported from the Base, under date 25^th January: KILDUFF (4088), P., Irish Gds.” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Grave of Patrick Kilduff, Rue-des-Berceauc Military Cemetery, Richebourg-L’avoue, France. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Len.

Patrick Kilduff’s entry in Ireland’s Memorial Records 1914-1918 highlighted in red. His cousin, John Kilduff’s, entry is highted in blue just above.

Company Quartermaster Sergeant Robert Jay Cant

6162, “A” Company, 1^st Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment.

Died 20^th April 1915.

Robert Jay Cant was born on 12^th February 1877 in Lucan. Son of David Cant and Emma Nice, both of whom were from England. Robert came from a large Wesleyan Methodist family. His siblings were: William Patrick (born 6^th November 1870, Lucan), Albert Edward (born 15^th December 1871, Lucan), Ellen Dorothy (born 27^th July 1873, Lucan), John (born 27^th December 1874, Lucan), Hugh (born 22^nd October 1879, Palmerstown), and Agnes Jane (born 16^th May 1881, Palmerstown).

Robert’s father, David, had a variety of jobs throughout his life, on the birth of older brother William, Father David was an “Attendant in the Idiodic Institution”, most likely Stewart’s Hospital, when it was located up at the Spa Hotel. On the birth Registers of his following children, he was listed as “Labourer”, “Attendant   Lunatic Asylum”, “School Master” (at Robert’s birth), “Attendant on Imbecile Children”, and “Drill Instructor” respectively, and by the time of his death at age 88 in 1931, he was a retired Superintendent. The family lived in Lucan, while father, David worked with Stewart’s Hospital and then moved to Palmerstown when the Hospital moved there, to its current location.

On 13^th October 1897 Robert Jay Cant enlisted on Short Service (7 years in the army and 5 years with the reserves) with the Royal Irish Regiment, in Dublin. His parish of birth was listed as Lucan. He was 19 years and 7 months old at the time. On enlistment Robert was 5 foot 7 ½ Inches tall. He had a fresh complexion, blue eyes, and fair hair. His trade at the time of his enlistment is recorded as “Clerk”.

Robert quickly advanced in the ranks of the Royal Irish Regiment. On 13^th September 1898 he was promoted to Lance Corporal and promoted to the rank of Corporal on 21^st October 1899.

On 16^th December 1899, Robert Cant embarked for South Africa, where he would take part in the Second Boer War. He would be wounded during the fighting at Wittebergen between the 1^st and 29^th July 1900. Robert Cant was listed in the Army and Navy Gazette, 14^th July 1900, as having been wounded at Bethlehem between the 6^th and 8^th July.

He remained in South Africa until the 7^th of March 1902, when he then embarked for India. For his service in the Second Boer War, Robert Jay Cant was awarded the Queen’s South Africa Medal (with “Transvaal”, “Wittebergen”, and “Cape Colony” clasps) and the King’s South Africa Medal (with “South Africa 1901” and “South Africa 1902” clasps). 

Robert Cant is listed as having been wounded at Bethlehem between the 6^th and 8^th Jul, during the Boer War, Army and Navy Gazette, 14th July 1900. Source: Mary Anne Maher.

Robert Jay Cant would remain in India until 8^th February 1903, when he would return to South Africa. On 10^th February 1905, Robert would yet again embark for India. At some stage it appears that Robert Jay Cant returned home to Dublin on leave, as he married Mary Jane Anderson on 7^th August 1906, in St. Jude’s, Methodist Church, Inchicore, Dublin. Robert’s rank of Sergeant in the Royal Irish Regiment is noted as his profession. His residence was given as Church House, Chapelizod, Dublin. Robert Jay Cant was then to return to India with his Wife. 

On the 20^th of April 1907, having served in the Royal Irish Regiment for 7 years and 189 days, Sergeant Robert Cant signed re-engagement papers to remain in the army for a total of 21 years. 

On 26^th April 1907, Robert and Mary had their first child, Robert William, who was born in Murree, India. The Cant family would remain in India until 3^rd December 1908, when Robert Jay Cant and his pregnant wife, Mary would again return home to Dublin. Robert’s stay in Dublin appears to have been brief as his service papers state that he returned to India on 16^th February 1909. His wife, Mary, remained in Dublin, as she gave birth to their second child, Dorothy, in Dublin, on 19^th June 1909. On Dorothy’s birth Register, Robert’s profession is given as “Colour Sergeant of the 18^th Royal Irish Regiment”, and his address is noted as “Agra, India”.

On 22^nd April 1909 Robert Jay Cant’s service records note that he was promoted to the rank of Colour Sergeant. 

On the 23^rd of February 1910, while stationed in India, Colour Sergeant Robert Cant “was in charge of a party at the Assault-at-Arms” when he tripped on a drain and fell, fracturing his right fibula. An “Assault-at-Arms” is a display of skill-at-arms, usually performed for public entertainment. The injury was noted as being “slight” and would have no effect on his service, though a Court of Inquiry was to be held at Kailana Camp, Chakrata, India, on the 11^th of June 1910, as the incident had happened while on duty. The inquiry found that Robert Jay Cant “was in no way blame” for his accident.

Robert’s family appears to have re-joined him in India, as the family’s third child, Eric David, was born in Neemuch, India, on 5^th April 1914.

Before the birth of his son, Colour Sergeant Robert Jay Cant had been requested to transfer to the 3^rd Battalion, to leave Bombay for Southampton no later than 13^th March 1913. This transfer appears not to have happened, as Robert and his family remained in Nasirabad, India until 13^th October 1914, when he returned “home”. As a result of the outbreak of the First World War, the 1^st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment would return to England.

On the 16^th of October 1914, Robert Jay Cant was promoted to the rank of Company Quartermaster Sergeant. 

Unfortunately, Robert was not to stay “home” for long, as the 1^st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment would embark for France to join the British Expeditionary Force on 19^th December 1914, landing at Le Havre.

On the 18^th of April 1915, Appendix XXII Roll of Casualties-Wounded, from the 1^st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment war diaries notes that Company Quartermaster Sergeant Robert Jay Cant of “A” Company was wounded in Hooge, near Ypres, Belgium. The 1^st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment war diary entry for 18^th April 1915 states the following:

“Germans out wire entanglements on left of “A” Coy. and exploded mine opposite Trench 19. No damage done by explosion – Casualties: other ranks one killed 10 wounded”.

It is likely that Company Quartermaster Sergeant Robert Jay Cant was among the ten men that were wounded, as records show that he was brought to the No. 3 Casualty Clearing Station with a gunshot wound to the back. Robert Jay Cant would later die from this wound on the 20^th of April 1915.

Robert Jay Cant was 35 years old at the time of his death and had served in the 1^st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment for 17 years and 190 days. He is buried in Poperinghe Old Military Cemetery, Plot II. N. 6., Belgium. Robert Jay Cant was also listed on the War Memorial Plaque of St. Jude’s Church in Inchicore, Dublin. Since the demolition of St. Jude’s Church in 1988, the memorial has since been re-located to St. Lawrence’s Church, Main Street, Chapelizod, Dublin 20.

Robert Jay Cant was also listed on the War Memorial Plaque of St. Jude’s Church in Inchicore, Dublin. Since the demolition of St. Jude’s Church in 1988, the memorial has since been re-located to St. Lawrence’s Church, Main Street, Chapelizod, Dublin 20.

Robert Cant is reported as having died of wounds in the Irish Times 22 May 1915. “DIED OF WOUNDS. ROYAL IRISH REGIMENT, 1^st BATTALION. Cant, 6162, Coy. Quartermaster-Sergt. R.;” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Robert Cant is reported as having died of wounds in the Weekly Freeman’s Journal 29 May 1915. “DIED OF WOUNDS. ROYAL IRISH REGIMENT (1^st BATTALION.) Cant, 6162, Company Quarter-Master-Sergeant, R. ;” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Robert Cant is reported as having died of wounds in the Belfast News-Letter 22 May 1915. ROYAL IRISH REGIMENT (1^st Batt.). Died of Wounds. Cant,6162, Coy Quarter master-Sergeant R.” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Appendix XXII Roll of Casualties-Wounded, 1st Bn. Royal Irish Reg. 1915 War Diary. CQMS Cant R. Company “A” Listed as wounded at Hooge near Ypres, 18th April 1915. Source: National Archives, Kew

St. Jude’s Church Great War Roll of Honour. Relocated to St. Lawrence’s Church, Main Street, Chapelizod, Dublin 20, following St. Jude’s demolition. This Roll commemorates all men from the parish who served during the Great War. No rank or regiment is listed. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

St. Jude’s Church Great War Memorial, which lists all the men from the parish who became casualties of the war. Rank and regiment are listed unlike the Roll of Honour above. This memorial was also relocated to St. Lawrence’s Church, Main Street, Chapelizod, Dublin 20, following St. Jude’s demolition. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

Robert J. Cant’s grave in Poperinghe Old Military Cemetery. Find A Grave. Author: International War Graves Photography Project.

Private John Kilduff

8546, “C” Company, 2^nd Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 1^st May 1915.

There are quite a few Kilduff families found living in Lucan at the turn of the 19^th-20^th century. Furthermore, there are no less than four men born in Lucan by the name “John Kilduff”.

Thanks to Caroline Lawless, I have been informed that John Kilduff of Lucan was a cousin of Patrick Kilduff of neighbouring Leixlip (who, was also killed during the First World War).

One of the John Kilduff’s can be ruled out, as he was the brother of the above-mentioned Patrick Kilduff. Patrick’s older brother, John, enlisted in the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in 1897. He would serve in the Second Boer War, seeing action in the Relief of Ladysmith. He would later serve with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers again during the First World War (aged 41) and would survive the war.

The second John Kilduff was also a cousin of the above-mentioned Patrick Kilduff, he was born in 1888. Unfortunately, this John Kilduff would die aged 5 months old. This leaves just two recorded John Kilduff’s born in Lucan. The older John Kilduff, who was born on 4^th February 1873, son of Labourer, Thomas Kilduff and Mary McGovern; and the youngest John Kilduff, who was born on 30^th September 1900, son of Labourer, Patrick Kilduff and Catherine McLoughlin.

John Kilduff’s service number with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers was 8546, this number appears consistently throughout John’s records from various sources. As his service number is quite low, it indicates that he joined the Royal Dublin Fusiliers between 1902 and 1903. This would rule out the younger of the two remaining John Kilduff’s. 

John Kilduff’s Medal Index Card shows that he entered France on 1^st April 1915. According to the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary for April of 1915, the 2^nd Battalion was spending its last day in Billets (a place where soldiers are lodged temporarily, when not in the front line; usually commandeered civilian houses) at La Hutton on the 1^st of April. Between the 2^nd and 6^th April, the battalion was in the trenches. The sector was reported as being quiet, with very little shelling and some sniper activity reported.

On the evening of the 6^th of April, the 2^nd Battalion was relieved from the trenches and moved to billets in La Creche. They remained there until the 10^th of April.

On the 10^th of April 1915, John Kilduff penned the following letter to his cousin Margaret:

 ”Name: Pte. John Kilduff
  No.: 8546
  Company: 2nd
  Battalion: RDF
  The British Expeditionary Force “France”

  April 10 1915

  Dear Margearet, 

Just a few lines hoping to find you in good health as this leaves me the same thank God. Dear Maggie I am very sorry not writing to you sooner as I wrote to you once and I got no answer so I wrote to Johney and he told me that you were sick so he told me that your address was the Spa Hotel Cottages, so I was upset after Johney wrighting to me, as I had to leave Sittingbourne and I had no time to write until now. So Dear Maggie if you get this letter write and let me know as it will satisfie me to know how you are getting on. Dear Maggie I am going to the front and have made my will and if I don’t manage to get back you will get all the money that I will leave, as I said you are the nearest and next of Kin so you will get all Dear Maggie if you get this letter let me know how the Father and Mother are getting on Dear Maggie tell Biddie and Jack Power that I was asking for them

[Next page]

And also your own Paddie and tell all at home that I was asking for them. No more to say write soon good by. 

From 
Your
Affect
Cousion
John Kilduff 
Redg 8546
C Comp
N 2nd R D F
4th Division 
10th Bredgade 
Expeditionary Force France”

Page 1 of a letter written by John to his cousin Margaret, naming her as sole beneficiary of his will should he be killed. A Margaret Hogan appears as sole beneficiary on John’s Register of Soldiers Effects. Source: National Archives of Ireland.

Page 2 of a letter written by John to his cousin Margaret, naming her as sole beneficiary of his will should he be killed. A Margaret Hogan appears as sole beneficiary on John’s Register of Soldiers Effects. Source: National Archives of Ireland.

This Cousin Margaret could be the Maggie Kilduff that appears on the 1901 Census in Leixlip; she is the sister of the above-mentioned Patrick Kilduff. John’s Register of Soldiers’ Effects lists his cousin, Margaret Hogan as his sole universal Legatee, dated 20^th October 1919.

On the 11^th of April, the Battalion again moved into position in the trenches. Several shells were recorded, and enemy sniper activity was noted. On the night of the 12^th the 2^nd Battalion was withdrawn from the trenches to billets, where it remained until the 23^rd.

On the 22^nd of April 1915, the Germans unleashed a new and terrible weapon on the Allies troops around Ypres, Chlorine Gas. It had a horrific impact on the unsuspecting Allied soldiers, killing hundreds of men, and causing many more to flee in complete disarray. As a result of the panic caused, a gap in the line was opened at St. Julien.

On the 24^th of April the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers marched 50km to the outskirts of Ypres, to try and retake the village of St. Julien. At 4 a.m. in the morning of the 25^th of April, the 2^nd Battalion took up positions for the attack to re-take the Village. The Battalion war diary does not go in the specifics of the action, merely stating “Heavy Casualties”.

Unfortunately, the men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were cut down in their hundreds by enemy machine gun fire. An appendix attached to the April War Diary notes that forty-five men were killed, eighty men were reported Wounded, and a further 371 men were listed as missing on 25^th April 1915. Though the attached document notes that a further twelve men were wounded between the 26^th and 29^th of April, it is likely that John Kilduff was wounded in the attack on St. Julien on the 25^th of April. 

On the 30^th of April 1915, John Kilduff was admitted to the 11^th General Hospital in Boulogne, with a gunshot wound to the neck. Unfortunately, John Kilduff would die from his wounds the day after his admission to the hospital, on the 1^st of May 1915.

His medical report gives his age as nineteen; and this is where the confusion lies, as John Kilduff’s service number indicates that he enlisted with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers between 1902 and 1903. The National Archives in Kew gives a transcription of his Service number from his medal index card with the higher number of “85406”. However, I feel this to be a transcription error and that the “0” is part of the stylised “4”, as every other source for John Kilduff’s service number lists his service number as 8546; even his own letter home states “8546”. If John Kilduff did enlist with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in 1902-1903 then he would clearly be older than nineteen. The age of nineteen matches neither of the two possible John Kilduff’s recorded as being born in Lucan, as the older of the two would have been forty-two and the younger fifteen. The document held by the National Archives in Kew has yet to be scanned, and is currently not available to view online. 

John Kilduff is buried in Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, plot VIII. B. 22., France. The distance between St. Julien, in Belgium and John’s grave in Boulogne (which would have been near the hospital) is 129km and would, undoubtedly, have been a long and arduous journey for a seriously wounded soldier.

Excerpt from the 2nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers Battalion War Diary for the attack on St. Julien on 25th April 1915 reports “Heavy Casualties”. The below casualty list records 45 men killed, 80 wounded, and 371 missing. Between this disastrous attack and the 30^th of April, when John was admitted to the No. 11 General Hospital, Boulogne (129km away), a further 12 men were wounded. Due to the neck injury that John sustained, and the distance required to reach the Hospital, it is likely that John was wounded during the attack on St. Julien if not before. Source: National Archives, Kew.

“Remarks and References to Appendices. Casualties of Drafts” from the 2nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers Battalion War Diary, which outlines the daily casualties suffered by the 2nd Battalion from the 25^th of April 1915 attack on St. Julien onwards. Source: National Archives, Kew.

John Kilduff’s gravestone. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Liz.

John Kilduff’s entry in Ireland’s Memorial Records 1914-1918 highlighted in red. His cousin, Patrick Kilduff’s, entry is highted in blue just below.

Private Robert Edwin Delmege

9569, 1^st Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers.

Died 1^st May 1915.

Robert Edwin Delmege was born in Ballintogher, Sligo, on 30^th December 1891. Son of Royal Irish Constabulary Constable, Gerald Delmege and Henrietta Johnson.

On the 28^th of December 1893, when Robert was 2 years old, his mother, Henrietta, fell ill with influenza and died from pneumonia at the age of 27. The family lived on Meeting Street, Tipperary at the time of her death. Gerald Delmege would marry Charlotte Martha Shier, in Limerick City, on 9^th January 1895. The family address at the time was given as Limerick Junction in Tipperary.

On the 1901 Census, Robert Edwin Delmege, aged nine, is found living in Kilnamanagh Upper, Cappagh, Tipperary. Stepmother, Charlotte M (40), and siblings, Emma (12), Henoritta (10), Elizabeth (7), Frederick G (5), Charlotte L (4), and Edith Susan (5 months), are also present. Father Gerald Delmege appears on a separate return, “Form H”, at the Cappagh Royal Irish Constabulary Barracks, where is recorded as 40-year-old G. D., Acting Sergeant Royal Irish Constabulary. His religion is recorded as Protestant Episcopalian Irish Church.

In the 1911 Census, 19-year-old Robert E. Delmege is found living in Kilcloghan, Newtown, Westmeath. His occupation is given as an unemployed servant. Father, Gerald (50, Retired Policeman), stepmother, Charlotte M (50), and siblings, Frederick G (15), Edith S (10), and Florence (daughter, 16), are also present. Interestingly, the family only record having four children, and record only four as still being alive, which does not match with the 1901 Census.

According to the Irish Great War Dead Archive, Robert Edwin Delmege had an address in Lucan, Co. Dublin when he enlisted with the 2^nd Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers. His service number, 9569, dates his enlistment between 13^th February 1911 and 4^th January 1912. As the 1911 Census was taken on the 31^st of March it safe to say that he enlisted after March. Was his recorded unemployment in the 1911 Census a factor in joining the pre-war British Army?

Before the outbreak of the First World War in Europe, the 1^st Battalion of the Royal Munster Fusiliers was stationed in Rangoon, Burma (now Myanmar). The 1^st Battalion returned to England on the 10^th of January 1915, landing at Avonmouth, and from here moved to Coventry.

In early 1915 the Allies planned to open a front on the Gallipoli Peninsula, in an attempt to weaken the Ottoman Empire, while also improving trade and supply routes with the Russian Empire.  The Ottoman Empire had entered the war on the side of the Central Powers in November 1914, having declared a Jihad against the Triple Entente (Allies).

As a result of the need to put pressure on Ottoman forces, the 1^st Battalion of the Royal Munster Fusiliers embarked from Avonmouth on the 16^th of March 1915, and sailed for Gallipoli via Alexandria and Mudros.

On 29^th March 1915 Robert Edwin Delmege made out a will stating the following:

“In the event of my death I give
the whole of my property
and effects to Mr Gerald Delmege
Violet Hill
Broadford
Co Clare
Ireland

Signed. Robert Delmege
Private No 95-69
R. M. Fusiliers

Date 29th March 1915″

Informal Will of Robert Edwin Delmege, made out to his father, Gerald Delmege. Source: National Archives of Ireland.

A month later, on the morning of the 25^th of April 1915 the Royal Munster Fusiliers took part in the infamous landing on “V Beach” at Cape Helles, Gallipoli. The Royal Dublin Fusiliers were the first to go ashore, landing in boats that were towed and rowed ashore. The Ottoman defenders opened a heavy enfilade of fire on the boats as they came close to the shore and many of the Dubliners were killed before they could wade on to the beaches. Those that did make it ashore took to cover. Three hundred of the seven hundred men who took part in the landing were killed. 

The SS River Clyde, acting as a Trojan Horse, then purposely ran aground, and two thousand men of the Royal Munster Fusiliers, the Royal Hampshire Regiment, and the remainder of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, disembarked via gangways on either side of the ship, and tried to storm the beach across barges that had been linked together. The machine gun fire from the Ottoman Sedd-el-Bahr fortress inflicted significant casualties, however, and the barges quickly filled up with dead and wounded men. Many of the British soldiers who tried to escape the Turkish enfilade by prematurely leaving the linked barges, drowned in the water. Disembarkation was eventually halted until the cover of night.

The following day, the 26^th of April, only three Companies of the Royal Munster Fusiliers, one company of the Hampshire Regiment, and one Company of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, had managed to make it to the cover of the dunes. The Sedd-el-Bahr Fortress was destroyed by the HMS Elizabeth and captured by the troops from the beach. 

The Battalions that stormed “V Beach” suffered 70% losses. Casualties of the 1^st Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers and 1^st Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were so great that the two Battalions had to be temporarily formed into one Battalion, which was subsequently referred to as the “Dubsters”. Their strength was now down to a mere 778 men between the two Battalions. 

On the night 1^st May 1915, Turkish soldiers renewed their attack, using the cover of night to sneak up on the “Dubsters”, bayoneting many of them before the alarm was raised. Despite the surprise attack, and ferocious close fighting that ensued, the “Dubsters” were able to drive off the Turkish attack, leaving many of the enemy dead. The two combined battalions of the Royal Munster Fusiliers and Royal Dublin Fusiliers, however, were further reduced to only 434 men. Among the dead of the 1^st of May 1915, was Robert Edwin Delmege.

Robert Edwin Delmege has no known grave and is commemorated under the name Edwin Delmege on the Helles Memorial, Panel 186 to 192, Turkey (including Gallipoli).

Sheffield Daily Telegraph 03 July 1915. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Robert Edwin Delmege is listed as “KILLED” in the Coventry Evening Telegraph Saturday 03 July 1915. “THE MUNSTERS’ AND BORDERERS’ LOSSES. The casualty list just received from the Mediterranean Force contains the names of a large number of men of the First Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers and the Second Battalion South Wales Borderers who have been killed or wounded in the fighting in the Dardanelles. The two regiments, it will be remembered, were billeted in Coventry for a considerable time, and many of the names of the fallen men will be recognised. The casualties, which are undated, are as follows : KILLED. R. Munster Fus. 1^st.- Delmege 9569 E.”  Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Robert Edwin Delmege is listed as “KILLED” in the London Daily Telegraph’s “THE ROLL OF HONOUR”. “FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN. KILLED. VARIOUS DATES. 1^st R MUNSTER FUS: Delmege, 9569 E;” Source: The British Newspaper Archives.

Major Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild, D.S.O., D.C.M.

6^th Battalion, Border Regiment.

Died 9^th August 1915.

Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild was born in Kingstown on 28^th August 1860. Son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Montgomerie Stewart Caulfeild and Dorothea Jane French.

Sources record that Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild was son of the late Lieutenant-Colonel William Montgomerie of either Westonpark, Lucan, or late of Monkstown, Co. Dublin. While his parents were married in Monkstown Co. Dublin on 8^th June 1847, it appears that William Montgomerie Stewart Caulfeild had connections with both areas, though it is unclear how much time, if any, his son Algernon spent in Lucan.

Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild studied the Royal Academy, Gosport, and Heidelberg College before enlisting as a private under the alias, Frederick Williams, with his father’s regiment, the 66^th Berkshire Regiment of foot, on 28^th August 1878. Possibly choosing to progress up through the ranks from the bottom, rather than use his standing in society to gain commission. 

“Frederick Williams” saw his first combat in the Second Afghan War, where he would participate in an action at Girkish with the Walli’s Munitions troops. He was present at the disastrous Battle of Miawand on 27^th July 1880; where the British chose to intercept Afghan troops after receiving word that they were heading towards the Miawand Pass. The British were however unaware that the force they were to engage was the main Afghan force, consisting of 25,000 troops and five batteries of artillery. 

Greatly outnumbered and suffering heavy casualties, the British were defeated and forced to retreat to Kandahar. The 66^th Regiment took 62% casualties and lost its Colours to the enemy. The timing of the defeat was unfortunate for the British Army, with the catastrophic defeat against the Zulu in the Battle of Isandlwana having happened just a year before. 

Though being wounded in the leg during the Battle, Sergeant “Williams” saved the life of a wounded officer during the British retreat to Kandahar; and afterwards, participating in the defence there. For his gallantry “Frederick Williams” was recommended for the Victoria Cross, the highest award for bravery in the British Army, however he would instead receive the Distinguished Conduct Medal, which was personally awarded to him by Queen Victoria, who it is believed convinced him to serve under his real name.

In further recognition of his gallantry during the retreat to Kandahar, Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild was commissioned as Lieutenant into the 2^nd Battalion Berkshire Regiment, on 17^th December 1881. At the age of twenty-four, he was to be the youngest officer promoted from the ranks, being one of only four men to be awarded such an honour for gallantry during the Afghan War.

Aldershot Military Gazette, Saturday 21st January 1882. “In recognition of the gallantry displayed during the retreat to Candahar the Horse Guards have conferred a commission as Lieutenant on Sergeant Algernon M. Caulfield, of the Berkshire (late 66^th) Regiment. Lieut. Caulfield, who is only in his 24^th year, was present at the battle of Maiwand, and in the fearful retreat on Candahar he, although wounded in the leg, rendered such assistance to an officer of his regiment as to be the means of saving his life. This is the fourth commission from the ranks awarded for gallantry in the late Afghan war. Lieut. Caulfield is the youngest officer who has been promoted from the ranks. He is of good family, being a brother of Liet. Caulfield, R.N., of H.M.S. Inconstant, and a member of the family which has the present Lord Charlemont at its head. Another officer who has just been granted a lieutenant’s commission for gallantry is Sergeant F. J. Norman, who is a son of the well-known Indian officer, Colonel Frank Norman, C.B., of the Bengal Staff Corps. Lieut. Caulfield is gazetted to the Berkshire Regiment and Lieut. Norman to the 14^th Hussars.” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

On 13^th July 1883, the London Gazette announced Lieutenant Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild’s commission to the Northumberland Fusiliers. Algernon afterwards transferred to the East Indies on 6^th March 1884. Between 1886 and 1888 he was appointed Brigade Transport Officer to Brigadier General Sir Robert Low, serving in the British expansion into Burma. During this expedition he was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order. Until the Second Boer War, ten years later, Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild held the distinction of being one of only two men in the British Army to be awarded both the Distinguished Conduct Medal, issued solely to the ordinary ranks, and the Distinguished Service Order, issued solely to officers, for distinguished work on the battlefield. The Sheffield Daily Telegraph later noted that “nearly every mule driver or “oont Wallah” (camel proprietor) from Peshawar to Calcutta knew “Caulfield Sahib.” In return, Caulfield could name scores of “jemadars” and “duffedars,” hundreds of drivers, and had a personal acquaintance with thousands of transport animals.”

Algernon was commissioned as a Captain in the Border Regiment on 27^th March 1889. From 21^st September 1889 he would serve with the Mounted Infantry during the Chin Lushai Expedition in Upper Burma, where he would remain until the 15^th of December 1890. Following his time in Burma, Algernon was transferred to Egypt, where he remained attached to the Egyptian Army until 20^th December 1893, after which he returned yet again to the East Indies. Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild was promoted to the rank of Major on 23^rd February 1898. Shortly afterwards, on 28^th August 1902, while serving with the 2^nd Battalion Border Regiment in Bengal, he would retire from the army.

In 1897 he married Edith Mabel Browning in London. They would have one daughter, Kathleen Montgomerie Caulfeild, who was born in London on 25^th June 1901. Unfortunately, their marriage would end in divorce in 1913, due to Algernon’s violent temper. 

At the outbreak of war in 1914, Major Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild re-joined the 6^th Battalion Border Regiment as the battalion second in command. He arrived in Gallipoli in August 1915 and would go missing while leading his men in an attack on Turkish positions under heavy fire on “Chocolate Hill” on 9^th August 1915. On August 10^th, 1915, Captain Adjutant G. Darwell, the only surviving officer of the 6^th Border Regiment from 9^th August attack on Hill 70, wrote a letter to Algernon’s Daughter, Kathleen. He stated his regret at having to inform her that he believed her father to be dead, despite not having reported him so in his account of the battle afterwards, due to a lack of witnesses. Captain Darwell praised her father’s bravery, stating that “he went off towards the fire on Burnt Hill—he went walking off towards the Turkish trenches as if he were walking down Piccadilly.” He continued to write that his body may never be found, adding that“There is another point that may go to prove that he is killed; as far as I know he was the only man that wore leggings.  Well, during the attack on Burnt Hill an officer called Blake, attached to the South Wales Borderers, who was next me in Hospital, said that on the 21st he saw as he passed a smartly dressed Major lying near the top dressed in leggings; of course he had no time to look, and afterwards we were driven off the Hill again”. Captain Darwell finished by again praising the bravery of Major Algernon, noting that he could have easily obtained a safe position behind the lines, but that he “preferred to go into action leading men”.

Major Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild’s body was never found, he is commemorated on Helles Memorial, panel 120 to 126 or 222 and 223, Turkey (including Gallipoli). Algernon’s mother, Dorothea, died on 23^rd March 1916, at 8 Herbert Place, aged eighty-nine. The inscription on his parent’s grave in Deansgrange Cemetery, Blackrock, Co. Dublin reads:

“Somewhere in the Gallipoli Peninsula
lies their son
Major ALGERNON MONTGOMERIE CAULFEILD
D.C.M., D.S.O. 6th Border Regiment.
Last seen from Chocolate Hill, wounded
but leading his men to the attack at Suvla.
Aug. 9th 1915.”

The grave of Lieutenant Colonel Montgomerie Caulfeild and Dora Caulfeild in Deansgrange Cemetery, Dublin. Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild is also mentioned on their grave. Source: Find A Grave. Author: John.

Major Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild is also commemorated by a stained-glass window in St Peter’s Church, Staple Ash Lane, Froxfield Green, England. The dedication beneath reads:

“In loving memory of Major Algernon Montgomerie
Caulfeild D.S.O. D.C.M. The Border Regt. Fourth son of
the late Lt. Col. William Montgomerie Stewart Caulfeild.
Killed in action at Gallipoli 9th August 1915 Aged 57″

The stained-glass window in St Peter’s Church, Staple Ash Lane, Froxfield Green, England, depicting St. Patrick, and dedicated to the memory of Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild. The dedication at the bottom reads: “In loving memory of Major Algernon Montgomerie Caulfeild D.S.O. D.C.M. The Border Regt. Fourth son of the late Lt. Col. William Montgomerie Stewart Caulfeild. Killed in action at Gallipoli 9th August 1915 Aged 57”. Source: War Memorials Online.

The Sheffield Daily Telegraph, Tuesday 31st August 1915, announces the disappearance of “Caulfield Sahib” and gives insight to long military career. “A Maiwand Hero. Every day officers of particular distinction are posted in the casualty lists, and among so many one shrinks from picking out one for peculiar mention unless indeed the bearer comes from very near Sheffield. But for one name just posted I should like to make an exception, for the bearer has been as well known in his time in India as the greatest of our generals, and his service was in regiments with which Sheffield has been familiar. “Caulfield Sahib” – Major Algernon Montgomerie Caulfield, D.S.O., who was lately doing duty with the 6^th Battalion Border Regiment, is missing. He fought in the ranks of the 66^th Regiment at Maiwand, where he was wounded, but earned the D.C.M. and a commission in his own regiment. Transferred to the 5^th (Northumberland) Fusiliers he did duty with the Indian transport department, and nearly every mule driver or “oont Wallah” (camel proprietor) from Peshawar to Calcutta knew “Caulfield Sahib.” In return, Caulfield could name scores of “jemadars” and “duffedars,” hundreds of drivers, and had a personal acquaintance with thousands of transport animals. After a campaign in Burma he was given the D.S.O. Later, serving with the Boarder Regiment, he won a medal and three clasps in the Lushai country. Soon after that he retired, but came up again for active service in his 57^th year. Let us hope he will be found safe”. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Mid-Ulster Mail, Saturday, 4th September 1915.”PERSNALIA. Major Algernon Montgomerie Caulfield, D.S.O., Boader Regiment, who is reported missing at the Dardanelles, belongs to the family of which Lord Charlemont is the head. The fourth son of the late Lieutenant-Colonel Montgomerie Caulfield, Weston Park, Lucan, County Dublin, he was born on 9yh July, 1858. He joined the 66^th Berkshire Regiment in 1878, and became a lieutenant in the 2^nd Battalion Berkshire Regiment., in 1882. He was transferred to the 2^nd Battalion Northumberland Fusiliers in 1883, and was promoted captain, and transferred to the Border Regiment in 1889. He served in Afghanistan, being present at the engagement at Girkish with the Walli’s munitions troops, and took part in the battle of Majwand, in which he was wounded, and in the subsequent defence of Kandahar. He was awarded the medal for distinguished conduct in the field, and the medal with clasp. He also served in Burma in 1886-88 as brigade transport officer to Major-General Sir Robert Low, K.C.B., and for his services in this campaign he was mentioned in despatches and awarded the D.S.O. In 1889 he served with the mounted infantry in the Chin Lushai country, and was awarded the medal with three clasps. He was attached to the Egyptian army, 1891 3, and subsequently retired. Major Caulfield married in 1897 Edith Mabel, youngest daughter of Mr. H. B. Browning, 9 Cadogan Square, London.” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Rifleman Thomas Delahunty

10767, “C” Company, 6^th Battalion, Royal Irish Rifles.

Died 20^th August 1915.

Thomas Delahunty was born in Lucan on 8^th February 1894. Son of labourer Laurence Delahunty and Emily McMahon. Emily McMahon was from Aldershot, Hampshire, England. Laurence Delahunty was born in Co. Roscommon, in 1865, the son of a police constable.

Laurence Delahunty appears on the 1899 Electoral Roll in Benburb Street (Artizans’ Dwellings), where the family occupied two rooms on the ground floor of 4, Block A, section B; most likely this was Dublin Corporation housing. 

In the 1901 Census, Thomas Delahunty, aged seven, can be found living in House 71.4 on Benburb Street, Arran Quay, Dublin. Mother, Emily (Housewife, 32), and siblings, Matthew (5), Mary Agnes (3), and Laurence (1), are also present. There is no sign of thomas’ father, Laurence, in the 1901 Census as he was then serving with the Connaught Rangers in the Second Boer War, in South Africa. 

In the 1911 Census, 18-year-old General Labourer, Thomas Delahunty of Lucan, Co. Dublin, is found living on Phoenix Street, (New Kilmainham) Inchicore, Dublin. Father, Laurence (Printers Assistant, 46), mother, Emily (43), siblings, Mathew (General Labourer, 17), Mary Agnes (14), Laurence (13), cousin, William Keating (6), and adopted sister, Madeline Kelly (3), are also present. Another of Lucan’s Great War casualties, Thomas Nolan, also lived on Phoenix Street, (New Kilmainham) Inchicore.

A possible match for Thomas Delahunty appears on the 1914 and 1915 Electoral Rolls, in House 33, Ashford Street.

Following the outbreak of the First World War, Thomas Delahunty enlisted with the British army, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, who had both served with the army. On 4^th April 1915, Thomas Delahunty made out a will stating the following:

“In the event of my death I give the whole of my property and effects to my mother. Mrs. E. L. Delahunty.
11 First Avenue, Inchicore, Dublin.

Thomas Delahunty
Rifleman 10767
Royal Irish Rifles
6th Battalion C Company

4-4-15″

Thomas Delahunty’s will, dated 4th April 1915. Source: National Archives of Ireland.

According to Thomas Delahunty’s Medal Index Card he entered service in “(2B) Balkans” -Gallipoli and the Aegean Islands- on 10^th July 1915.

Just over a month later Thomas was seriously wounded in action at the Dardanelles. Thomas’s informal will notes that he “Died at: Sea. HM HS Guilford Castle” a hospital ship, on 20^th August 1915. Thomas was later buried in the East Mudros Military Cemetery, plot II. G. 119., Greece.

Not long after Thomas Delahunty’s death, his mother, Emily, died from heart disease at the age of forty-six, in 11 First Avenue, Inchicore, Dublin, on 8^th February 1916.

A photograph of Thomas Delahunty is featured in the article “Our Gallery of Heroes. Irishmen Who Have Fought and Bled for Us”, Evening Herald, Saturday, 18th September 1915. Source: Irish Newspaper Archive.

The text accompanying Thomas Delahunty’s paragraph reads: Bugler Thomas Delahunty, 6th Battalion, Royal Irish Rifles, died from wounds received in action at Suvla Bay on the 26th August. He was the eldest son of Mr Lawrence Delahunty, late Connaught Rangers, who served through the South African war, and grandson of the late Matthew McMahon, late of the 5th Northumberland Fusiliers. His parents reside at 44 First Avenue, Inchicore. Source: Irish Newspaper Archive.

The Hospital Ship, H.M.H.S Guildford Caste, at Dar es Salaam 1917. Thomas Delahunty died on board this ship from wounds received in the Gallipoli campaign, on 20th August 1915. Source: Grandad’s War.

The grave of Thomas Delahunty in the East Mudros Military Cemetery, Greece. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Thanos Foteinos.

Private Michael Edward Brady

54975, 2^nd (Malta) Company, Royal Army Medical Corps.

Died 11^th November 1915.

Michael Edward Brady was born in Leixlip on 7^th October 1894, son of carpenter Peter Brady and Margaret Hogan. Michael’s parents were married in the parish of St. John’s, Waterford, on 27^th October 1878. 

In the 1901 Census six-years-old Michael Brady can be found living in Allenswood, Leixlip, Co. Kildare. Father, Peter (Carpenter, 47), mother, Margaret (Housekeeper, 44), and siblings, George (Carpenter, 19), Peter (Carpenter, 18), Gertrude (Scholar, 14), Elizabeth (Scholar, 11), Helena (Scholar, 9), John (Scholar, 4), and Emily (2), are also present. Micheal’s parents are both recorded as being from Galway, while all his siblings are recoded as being from Kildare. The family religion is noted as Roman Catholic. In the 1911 Census 16-years-old Michael is living in Leixlip Town. His occupation is given as a Chemist Apprentice. Father, Peter (Carpenter, 59), mother, Margaret (55), and siblings, Williamson (Carpenter, 29), Peter (Carpenter, 28), John Martin (Scholar, 14), and Emily Ester (Scholar, 12), are also present. Unlike the previous census, William and Peter are now recorded as being from Dublin, this is confirmed by Peter’s birth register, which records his birth in Cooldrinagh.

On the 5^th of September 1914 Michael Edward Brady enlisted with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, service number 12973. He gave his place of birth as Lucan, Co. Dublin, and noted that he lived with his father, whose address he recorded as “Dublin Road, Leixlip, Co. Dublin”. It is therefore likely that the Brady Family may have resided on the Lucan side of Leixlip Bridge, which often adopted “Leixlip” in the address as the Leixlip post office was closer than the post office in Lucan, an example being the Salmon Leap pub.  Michael recorded his occupation as a shop assistant (most likely in a chemist).

On the 8^th of September Michael was posted to the 6^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers, he was then posted to the Garrison Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers on 21^st September 1914. Michaels service papers show that his younger brother John also enlisted and served in France. On the 22^nd of June 1915 Michael was transferred to the Royal Army Medical Corps. He would have been transferred to Aldershot, England, where he would have received further military and medical training. He passed his training exams, receiving a higher rate of pay on 20^th August 1915. On the 30^th of September 1915 Michael embarked for Malta, where he disembarked on 8^th October 1915. There he was posted to St. Georges Hospital, which was at that point used to treat dysentery and enteric cases. Dysentery was the main cause of sickness among soldiers serving in the Mediterranean Expeditionary Forces, with 32,528 cases and 231 deaths being reported between 29^th August and 9^th October 1915 alone (source: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine).  On 5^th November 1915, Michael Edward Brady was himself admitted as patient in St. George’s. Unfortunately, he died of Dysentery six days later at 9.10p.m. on the 11^th of November 1915. He was 21 years old.

Michael Edward Brady is buried in Addolorata Cemetery, plot E. EA. A. 677., Malta. He is also commemorated on the Leixlip War Memorial.

Michael Edward Brady death is reported in The Scotsman, Monday, 29th November 1915. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Michael Edward Brady’s grave in Santa Maria Addolorata Cemetery, Paola, Southern Harbour, Malta. Michael shares a grave with J. Crean of the West Yorkshire Regiment, and D. Kitson of the Herefordshire Regiment. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Eman Bonnici.

Michael Edward Brady on the Leixlip War Memorial. “Michael Brady, Private. Royal Army Medical Corps of Dublin Road, Leixlip Died 11/11/1915 Aged 21”. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Stephen Callaghan.

Private William McConn

9582, 1^st Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 4^th January 1916.

William McConn was born in Lucan on 18^th February 1883, son of Bernard McConn and Elizabeth Crosse. William’s parents were married in St. Mary’s, Lucan on 27^th November 1881.

William’s younger sister, Sarah, was born on 29^th April 1885, unfortunately, Sarah would die the following year, on 8^th January 1886. On the 19^th of July 1888, William’s father, Bernard, died in Lucan from Tuberculosis, at the age of twenty-six. Bernard’s death register listed him as a mill worker at the time of his death. William’s mother, Elizabeth, then aged twenty-seven, was left to raise William while pregnant with a third child, Elizabeth, who was born on 12^th February 1889 in the Celbridge Workhouse (Elizabeth’s birth Register, matches all the family details, but lists her mother’s maiden name as Johnson). On 28^th March 1890, Elizabeth McConn, appears to have been present at the death of her mother-in-law, Sarah McConn, in Lucan. William would have been 7-year-old at the time. 

On 2^nd November 1900, William McConn enlisted with the Royal Artillery, in Belfast. On his attestation papers, William notes that he was currently serving with the Royal Irish Rifles. He expressed interest in joining either the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Royal Horse, or Royal Field Artillery. William was afterwards posted as Gunner with the 99^th Battery, Royal Field Artillery on 21^st November 1900.

On 10^th May 1902, William McConn was sent to South Africa, where he took part in the Second Boer War. He would remain in South Africa until 6^th December 1905, earning the Queens South Africa Medal with “Cape Colony” clasp.

Unfortunately, William’s record while in South Africa does not appear to have been great, as he was found guilty of committing crime no less than five times; being imprisoned for at least 14 days, 28 days, 14 days, 8 days, and 7 days, respectively between December 1901 and September 1905. The crimes committed are not given but would appear to be minor offenses, given the short durations of internment. He appears to have had his pay cut as punishment also. William was discharged on 8^th December 1905.

On the 11^th of November 1906, William McConn again enlisted with the militia/reserves, joining the 3^rd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers, in Naas. William falsely stated on his attestation papers that he had never previously served with the British Army. Between 12^th October and 27^th November 1906, William attended 48 days drill. He was then posted to the Royal Dublin Fusiliers on 27^th November 1906. His service number, 9582, corresponds with having enlisted in the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in 1906.

As William McConn was serving with the British army from 1900 onwards, he does not appear in either the 1901 or 1911 Censuses of Ireland. William was still serving with the British army on outbreak of the First World War. 

The 1^st Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers were stationed in Madras, India when the First World War began. The Battalion returned to the UK in December of 1914, and in March of 1915 left for the Dardanelles. The Allies had hoped that opening a front on the Gallipoli Peninsula would weaken the Ottoman Empire, while also improving trade and supply routes with the Russian Empire. 

William’s medal index card shows his date of qualification for the 1914-15 star as 25^th April 1915 in the Balkans. This was the day of the infamous amphibious landing at “V” Beach, Cape Helles, Gallipoli. 

On the morning of the 25^th of April 1915, the Royal Dublin Fusiliers were the first to go ashore, landing in boats towed and rowed ashore. The Ottoman defenders opened a heavy enfilade of fire on the boats as they came close to the shore and many of the Dubliners were killed in their boats or while trying to wade ashore. Those that did make it ashore took to cover. Three hundred of the seven hundred who took part in the landing were killed. 

The SS River Clyde, acting as a Trojan Horse, then purposely ran aground, and two thousand men of the Royal Munster Fusiliers, the Royal Hampshire Regiment, and the remainder of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, disembarked via gangways on either side of the ship, and tried to storm the beach across barges that had been linked together. The machine gun fire from the Ottoman Sedd-el-Bahr fortress inflicted significant casualties, however, and the barges quickly filled up with dead and wounded men. Many of the British soldiers who tried to escape the Turkish enfilade by prematurely leaving the linked barges, drowned in the water. Disembarkation was eventually halted until the cover of night.

Casualties of the 1^st Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers and 1^st Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers were so great that the two Battalions had to be temporarily formed into one Battalion that became known as the “Dubsters”.

After suffering high casualties and with little gained against stiff Ottoman resistance, the Gallipoli Campaign eventually ended in failure. Attention was shifting to Salonika, where the Bulgarians had recently entered the war on the side of the Central Powers. Britain began withdrawal of its forces in the beginning of January 1916. William McConn was admitted for medical treatment on the 4^th of January, suffering from “Gunshot wounds, multiple”. Sadly, he would die from these wounds later that day at 32 years of age.

The last of the British forces would be evacuated from Lancashire Landing on the 6^th of January. William McConn had been present from the first day of the Gallipoli Campaign and died only two days shy of the last day of the Gallipoli Campaign. Tragically, only eleven men of the original force of 1,100 Royal Dublin Fusiliers survived the Gallipoli Campaign unharmed. One of the unharmed few could have been Lucanian Lieutenant & Quartermaster Richard C. Byrne M.C. (later Lt. Colonel, recipient of the Order of the British Empire and chairman of the London Branch of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers’ Old Comrades Association), who won the Military Cross in Gallipoli. Richard’s brother Joseph was wounded in the landing at Cape Helles and another brother, Patrick, was wounded at Suvla Bay.

William is buried in the Lancashire Landing Cemetery, plot J. 116. Turkey (including Gallipoli).

Private Patrick Behan

25054, “A” Company, 8^th (service) Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 28^th April 1916.

Patrick Behan was born in Lucan on 6^th March 1885. Son of Labourer, Thomas Behan, and Bridget Carroll. Through his mother, Bridget Carroll, he was a cousin of Royal Marine, John Carroll, another of Lucan’s First World War casualties.

Patrick Behan appears in Lucan on the 1901 Census, aged sixteen, and living in Finnstown, Lucan. His occupation is listed as Labourer. His father, Thomas (50, Labourer), mother, Bridget (48, Labourer), and siblings, Mary (11), Kate (11), Thomas (18, Labourer), and John (13), also appear on the census return.

Patrick Behan married Janie Comiskey in St. Mary’s Church, Lucan, on 24^th June 1906. Both gave an address of Fairy House Lucan. On 23^rd November 1906, their first child, Bridget was born at Fairy House. 

In the 1911 Census, a possible match for Patrick, appears listed as a relative in the home of Thomas Behan, in Lower Palmerstown (I believe Thomas to be his brother, a Thomas Behan of Chapelizod, with a father also called Thomas, married a Catherine Sherry of Palmerstown in 1909). Head of the House, Thomas Behan (General Labourer, 27), wife, Catherine (24), daughter, Catherine Bridget (9 months), relative, Patrick (General Labourer, 24), and daughter Bridget (5), appear in the household. I believe the Bridget Behan listed on this census return to be the daughter of Patrick, as her name is listed after his on the census return. Her age is also a match for Patrick’s daughter, Bridget, who was born in 1906. On 15^th January 1912, their second child, John, was born. At the time of his birth, the family lived in Agderrigh, Lucan.

Patrick Behan’s Daughter Bridget appeared as next of Kin on his Dependent’s Pension Cards. Bridget’s surname, initially Behan, is noted to have changed to Ellison. A Bridget Behan of Knockmaroon, Chapelizod, married a Vincent Ellison on November 10^th, 1929. Bridget’s father is noted as being Patrick Behan and her witnesses are named as siblings John and Patricia Behan. 

According to the Irish Great War Dead Archive, Patrick Behan had an address in Chapelizod, Dublin, at the time he enlisted with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Patrick Behan’s Medal Index Card does not reveal much information, other than that he was not entitled to a 1914-15 Star medal. This, coupled with his high service number indicates that he did not enlist until 1916. At the time of his enlistment his wife was pregnant with the families third child, Patricia Josephine, who was born in Knockmaroon, Chapelizod, on 4^th August 1916, little over three months after Patrick’s death. Patricia was no doubt named after her deceased father, Patrick, who was listed as a Soldier on her birth Register. 

In April of 1916, the 8^th (Service) Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers were stationed in the front lines at Hulluch, in France. On 27^th April 1916, the 8^th (Service) Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary reported:

“Gas attack was signalled back from A Coy at 4.45a.m. There was an almost imperceptible breeze from the EAST, a dense cloud of black gas and smoke was between us and the sun and gradually spreading over our lines. at 5.20a.m. a heavy bombardment of front line trenches began during which time heavy rolls of whitish gas was seen to come from all the sap heads in front of Hulluch Sub section and the POSEN CRATER and moved over the lines of the 49^th Inf. Bd. on our left, the bombardment lifted to our reserve and communication trenches and under the gas the enemy entered a section of our front trench where nearly all the men were killed or wounded ; they were put out again and the line held for the rest of the day by the remnants of the two Coys. reinforced by B Coy. from the reserve trench and later (at dark) by A Coy of 9th Dublins from Gun Trench.”

The Royal Dublin Fusiliers would spend the night of the 27^th-28^th April evacuating the wounded.

The Germans had released a combination of Chlorine and Phosgene Gas on the British front lines. The gas was so thick that visibility was reduced to a mere three yards; the toxic smell could be smelled up to 20km away. The Dubliner’s choked to death on the poison gas, offering little to no resistance to the raiding enemy soldiers. 376 men of the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were reported missing, wounded, gassed, and killed in the “Nominal Roll of Killed, Wounded, & Missing – 27th – 29th April 1916”. The roll notes that Patrick Behan of “A” Company was among those “gassed” on the 27^th. Sadly, an additional page showing an updated list of names states that Patrick Behan “previously shown” as “gassed 27.4.16” was “Now reported” as “died of gas 28.4.16.” Patrick died on 28th April, his cousin, John Carroll’s, birthday.

Patrick Behan was among three Lucan men to appear in the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers casualty list for the attack at Hulluch between on the 27^{th of} April 1916. Andrew O’Tool who was listed as “Wounded” on the 27^th of April would survive his wounds, while Gerald O’Neill, who was also recorded as “Wounded” on the 27^th, would die months later at his family home in Lucan from an illness contracted while being treated for his wounds. On the 25^th of May 1916, Patrick Behan was listed as having “Deid of Wounds” in a casualty list of the Northern Whig. Fellow Lucanians Andrew O’Toole and Patrick Behan also appear as having been “Wounded” in this list.

The shocking losses sustained by the 16^th Irish Division and the Dubliners at Hulluch was to come at the worst possible time for the city of Dublin, as the 1916 Easter Rising raged throughout the city from 24^th to 29^th April, leaving hundreds of Dublin’s civilians dead, and the city in ruins. Left picking up the pieces of their city and wondering where they stood, hundreds of Dublin families would now receive word hundreds of their loved ones had choked to death in France. Meanwhile, over in France, word would have only just arrived in the front lines about the Rising in Dublin and the devastating destruction left in its wake. Undoubtedly, emotions would have been mixed in both Dublin and France; a sense of disbelief, disillusionment, and betrayal would have been chief among those mixed feelings. German propagandists would be quick to try and pull at the apparent seems of division, with placards appearing over their trenches stating “Irishmen! Heavy uproar in Ireland! English guns are firing at your wifes and children!”

Patrick Behan is buried in Lillers Communal Cemetery, plot V. B. 31. France.

Nominal Roll of Killed, Wounded, & Missing – 27th – 29th April 1916. P. Behan, A Company, is recorded as “Gassed 27.4.16”. Source: National Archives, Kew.

An attached page with amendments records that P. Behan, 25054, A Company, “previously Shown” as “Gassed 27.4.16” was “Now reported” as having “Died of gas 28.4.16”. Source: National Archives, Kew.

Northern Whig 25 May 1916. At the top Patrick Behan is listed as having died of wounds. At the bottom, fellow Lucanians Gerald O’Neill and Andrew O’Toole are listed as having been wounded during the same attack. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

The Grave of Patrick Behan. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Claude Laignel.

1916 Easter Rising

County Inspector Alexander Gray

50863, Royal Irish Constabulary.

Died 10^th May 1916.

Alexander Gray was born in Tyrone, in October 1858. Son of Presbyterian Minister, Reverend Alexander Gray, and Mary Elizabeth Gray, of Aghaloo, Lismulladown. Alexander’s mother, Mary Elizabeth, died when he was two years old, on the 5^th of January 1861. On the 15^th of December 1872, Alexander’s sister, Elizabeth, also died at the age of 18 years; Alexander was just 14 years old at the time.

Alexander Gray joined the Royal Irish Constabulary cadet school in the Phoenix Park in 1880, graduating in 1882. He served in Dingle, Killarney, Raphoe, Co. Donegal, and in Lurgan, Co. Armagh. On 6^th February 1888, Alexander’s father, who was then minister of College Square Parochial Church, Belfast, and Chaplain to Her Majesty’s County Antrim Prison, died aged 58.

On 17^th December 1894, Alexander Gray married Mary Kathleen Gumley, in the parish of St. Bartholomew, Dublin City. At the time of their marriage, Alexander was a District Inspector, with an address in Lurgan, Co. Armagh. Alexander was approximately thirty-six, while his wife, Mary, was 20 years old. In 1896, Alexander was transferred to the Lucan Royal Irish Constabulary Barracks, which was the Royal Irish Constabulary district headquarters for Blanchardstown, Brittas, Clondalkin, Finglas, Hollywood, Rathcoole, St. Laurence, and Ward. 

In the 1901 Census, Alexander Gray, and his wife Mary, can be found living in Cooldrinagh, Lucan. The 1900 Thom’s Directory of Dublin shows that Alexander and his wife lived on the Crescent, a row of Georgian terraced houses near the Spa Hotel, and overlooking the fairways of Lucan Club, of which Alexander was one of the founding members. Alexander, then aged forty-three, is listed as being the District Inspector of the Royal Irish Constabulary. His wife, Kathleen Mary, who was born in Java, is 26 years old. Despite being the son of a Presbyterian Minister, Alexander’s religion is recorded as Church of Ireland. Kathleen’s cousin, Mary Olivia (34, Companion), and servants, Emma Kirby (30, General Domestic Servant), and John Coffee (20, Groom Domestic Servant), are also present.

Alexander’s wife Mary Kathleen, died on 20^th April 1901. It is likely that her cousin, Mary Olivia, who appears on the 1901 Census as a “Companion” was helping to look after her while she was sick. Mary Kathleen was buried in the Protestant section of the (Old) New Esker Cemetery. After his wife’s death, Alexander was transferred to various districts. In 1906, Alexander was promoted to County Inspector of the Royal Irish Constabulary.

In the 1911 Census, Alexander Gray, then aged 51 (which is inconsistent with his age in the 1901 Census), appears as a boarder in a house on Mount Street, Mullingar, Co. Westmeath. His occupation is noted as being County Inspector of the Royal Irish Constabulary. Alexander’s religion is again recorded as being Church of Ireland.

After the outbreak of the 1916 Rising in Dublin, County Inspector Alexander Gray, formed the Constabulary Special Response unit in Slane, the purpose of which was to rapidly confront any Irish Volunteer uprising within the county of Meath. It was comprised of private cars that had been commandeered from local landlords. 

On Friday, 28^th April 1916, Irish Volunteers under the command of Thomas Ashe laid siege to the Royal Irish Constabulary Barracks at Rath Cross, near Ashbourne Village. The barracks, however, was not ill prepared, having been recently reinforced, and determined to hold their barracks, the Royal Irish Constabulary garrison met the rebel Volunteers with rifle fire, stalling their attack. The deadlock was only broken when the Volunteers turned to using homemade bombs on the barracks, forcing the surrender of the besieged and outnumbered Royal Irish Constabulary. However, the rebel victory was to be short lived. As the surrender of the police garrison was taking place, a warning shot from a nearby volunteer signalled the approach of the Royal Irish Constabulary Special Response unit. The surrendering Royal Irish Constabulary garrison used this opportunity to quickly retreat to the safety of the barracks and the volunteers -now outnumbered- turned to flee.

Leading this sizable unit of 57 Royal Irish Constabulary men was Meath County Inspector Alexander Gray. At the sound of the same warning shot however, Gray’s car stopped, bringing the whole 17-car convoy to a standstill. Realising that the convoy had forced itself into a bottleneck, the volunteers quickly attacked from the rear, trapping the police reinforcements. The volunteers inflicted heavy casualties on the convoy, seriously wounding County Inspector Gray and killing his second in command, District Inspector Smyth. 

The green “X” indicates the location of the Royal Irish Constabulary Barrack at Rath Cross, near Ashbourne Village, that was attacked by the Irish Volunteers under the command of Thomas Ashe. On being alerted to the approach of the Royal Irish Constabulary convoy, the volunteers then moved in the direction of the red “X”, where County Inspector Gray and his convoy of Royal Irish Constabulary had stopped. Source: Ordnance Survey Ireland & Meath History Hub.

The Royal Irish Constabulary convoy was flanked, being attacked from the rear to cut off their escape. Source: Ordnance Survey Ireland & Meath History Hub.

Leaderless and in an uncompromising position, the remaining Royal Irish Constabulary surrendered to their assailants. They had lost seven men killed and fifteen wounded. Three innocent bystanders had also been killed in the attack. The rebels lost only two men. 

County Inspector Alexander Gray died of his wounds 13 days later in the County Infirmary, Navan.  On the register recording his death on 10^th May, the previous two entries listed are also victims of the Ashbourne Attack; Royal Irish Constabulary constable, James Cleary, and bystander, Albert Keep. County Inspector Alexander Gray is buried in the (old) New Esker Cemetery with his wife, Mary. His funeral seems to have been rather large and widely attended; with Sir Neville Francis FitzGerald Chamberlain, Inspector General of the Royal Irish Constabulary and Captain Shewell in attendance on behalf of the Military Governor of Ireland, General Sir John Maxwell (who was responsible for signing the execution of the leaders of 1916 Rising). The Royal Irish Constabulary band played Chopin’s Funeral March.

Death register of Alexander Gray. The two entries above are also victims of the Ashbourne Attack. Source: Irishgenealogy.ie

Belfast News-Letter 11 May 1916. “KILLED IN ACTION. GRAY – May 10, 1916, at Navan, from wounds received in action at Ashbourne on 28th April, Alexader, County Inspector R.I. Constabulary. Funeral from Parish Church, Navan, at 10.45a.m. to-morrow (Friday), the 12th inst., for interment at Lucan at 1p.m., from R.I.C. Barracks”. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

The funeral of Alexander Gray announced in the Larne Times 27 May 1916. “FUNERAL OF MR. GRAY, C.I. The remains of County-Inspector Alexander Gray, late of Navan, who died of wounds received in the conflict between a body of the R.I.C. and Sinn Feiners at Ashbourne, Co. Meath, were laid to rest in Lucan Cemetery on 10th inst. The constabulary force was largely represented, including the Inspector-General, Sir N. Chamberlain, K.C.B. Captain Shewell represented General Sir John Maxwell, and a number of other military officers were present. The R.I.C. Band played Chopin’s Funeral March. On the motion of Mr Wookey, seconded by Mr. Coyle, the Lucan magistrates expressed their extreme regret at the death of the above officer, and stated that while in Lucan he won the respect of the entire community.”  Source: British Newspaper Archives.

The funeral of Alexander Gray announced in the Belfast Weekly Telegraph 27 May 1916. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

The grave of County Inspector Alexander Gray and his wife in the (Old) New Esker Cemeter. “In Loving Memory of MADGE the beautiful, sweet, loving, and dearly beloved wife of A. GRAY, D.I. R.I.C. who fell asleep 30 April 1901, aged 26 years. Sweet promtings unto kindest deeds, Were in her very look: We read her face, as one who reads A true and holy book. also the above named ALEXANDER GRAY, C.I. R.I.C. Navan aged 57 yrs. who died on May 10th. 1916, from wounds received in the Ashbourne fight.” Source: Jonathan Cully.

Alexander Gray was recorded on the 1916 Remembrance Wall in Glasnevan. Unfortunately, due to repeated vandalism, the memorial wall is no longer on view. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

First World War

Private Francis “Frank” Joseph Brabazon

24741, “C” Company, 8^th Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 12^th June 1916.

Francis Joseph “Frank” Brabazon was born on 9^th June 1879, in 106 Lower Mecklenburg Street, Dublin City. Son of printer Francis Brabazon and Elizabeth McEvoy. Frank’s parents were married in the Pro Cathedral on 6^th May 1877. Older brother, James was born in 1878 and younger brother, Joseph was born in 1880; both were born at 106 Lower Mecklenburg Street.

On 11^th July 1903, Frank Brabazon married Mary Ryan, in St. Brigid’s, Blanchardstown. Frank’s address was noted as “Blanchardstown” and his occupation as a Labourer. On 12^th November 1903, the family’s first child, Martin, was born in, Co. Carlow. Second son, Albert, was born in Lucan, on 22^nd September 1904. Third son, Thomas, was born in Lucan, on 25^th September 1906, and fourth son, Frank was born in Finnstown, Lucan, on 5^th September 1909.

In the 1911 Census, the Brabazon family are found living in Finnstown, Lucan. Francis Brabazon, then thirty-two, was working as an Agricultural Labourer. Wife, Mary (28), children, Martin (7), Albert (6), Thomas (4), Francis (1), and Sister-in-Law, Julia Ryan (21, Picker Woollen Mill), are also present. The census notes that the family had five children, only four of whom were alive at the time of the census. 

Frank and Mary Brabazon had a daughter, Mary, who was born on Tubber Lane, Lucan, on 13^th June 1914. Unfortunately, 1915 was to be a sad year for the Brabazon family as their son, Albert, died from rheumation and heart disease on 2^nd June 1915, aged 10 years old. Sadly, daughter, Mary, would also die in 1915, passing away from meningitis, at the age of one on 22^nd October 1915.

It is likely that Frank Brabazon enlisted with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers shortly after January 1916, as his wife, Mary, was pregnant with their seventh child when he left for France.

On 3^rd June 1916 the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers moved into the right subsection of the Loos Section, France. On the night and early morning of the 3^rd-4^th June the battalion came under heavy fire from enemy shells and trench mortars. During the day on the 4^th, they again came under fire from trench mortars, aerial darts, and rifle grenades.

On the 6^th of June the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary reports that enemy bombers (soldiers armed primarily with grenades) occupied CAMERON MOUND. The Royal Dublin Fusiliers countered the attack, and the Germans vacated the mound. The 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were later relieved from the front line by the 9^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers and moved back to the support lines.

On the 10^th of June the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers relieved the 9^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers in the front-line trenches. During the day shells landed near the battalion and a mine was detonated north of the Battalion. The Battalion also took an additional 189 men into its ranks. 

The 11^th of June was showery. The Battalion War Diary notes that reports were coming in of the enemy mining in the vicinity of DEADMAN’S SAP (both the British and German’s engaged in tunnelling, to detonate large mines, or camouflets, under enemy trenches and defensive positions). It is also reported that British miners, working in a drive (tunnel) near the mound opposite FIR Street, tunnelled into an old existing tunnel, releasing trapped Carbon Dioxide, which killed one of the tunnellers. The men of the 8^th Battalion meanwhile worked on construction of a new communication trench (a small trench that links two main trenches together).

The 12^th of June was also reported to be showery, with the rain causing the trenches to get “into bad state”. Heavy artillery was noted. One man is reported killed and six men wounded; among those reported as wounded is “24741 Brabason F.” of “C” Company. 

Frank Brabazon is noted in the Battalion War Diary as being wounded in the front lines at Loos, on 12th June 1916. Source: National Archives, Kew.

Unfortunately, from this point on things become unclear. After being wounded, Frank would have been sent back behind the lines for treatment. Depending on how badly he was wounded, he would have either gone to a nearby First Aid Post (for a minor injury; he would have then returned to duty after being cleaned and treated), or he would have gone further back behind the lines to a Casualty Clearing Station, for a more serious wound.

He was reported as wounded in the casualties list of the Irish Examiner, Monday, 10^th July 1916. Months later, on Monday, 6^th November 1916, the Irish Independent, reports that Frank was now wounded and missing. On the 11^th of November 1916, the Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser, further reported in the “Roll of Honour” section, that Pte. F. Brabazon, 27741, R.D.F. (Lucan), was “Previously reported Wounded, now reported Wounded and Missing”. Unfortunately, on Tuesday, 17^th April 1917, the Irish Independent, reported the death Frank Brabazon of Lucan.

Frank Brabazon was initially reported as having been wounded in the Irish Examiner, Monday, July 10, 1916. Source: Irish Newspaper Archive.

Between being wounded and seeking treatment Frank Brabazon disappeared. Two things could have happened; either Frank Brabazon was incorrectly, or not recorded as a casualty; or he was killed or died as he made his way back from the front lines.

Either of the above scenarios are likely in the “Fog of War”. The sections behind the front lines were every bit as dangerous as the front-line trenches, a hellish labyrinth of trenches, and pathways woven between a battered landscape; a disorientated man could easily lose his way. In wet weather, as was reported in the Battalion War Diary, the landscape would have become a quagmire, where a missed step could risk falling into inescapable-sucking mud. And all under the constant threat of enemy artillery fire and sniper activity. 

Only days after Frank Brabazon was reported missing in the Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser, his son, James, was born 23^rd November 1916, on Tubber Lane, Lucan. Frank Brabazon’s occupation is noted as “B.E.F. France” on his son’s birth register.

In April 1917, Mary Brabazon received a letter, dated 30th March 1917, from the Army Records Office in Dublin informing her of the “death of:- (No.) 24741 (Rank) Private (Name) Frank Brabazon (Regiment) ROYAL DUBLIN FUSILIERS which occurred while serving with the EXPDY FORCE FRANCE on the 12th June 1916. The report is to the effect that he was Killed in Action (Previously reported “Missing”).” Frank Brabazon’s date of death was accepted as having happened on 12th June 1916, the date he was initially reported wounded. He was 37 years old at the time of his death and is commemorated on the Loos Memorial, Panel 127 to 129, France.

The Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser 11 November 1916, reports “previously reported Wounded, now reported Wound and Missing. Pte. F. Brabazon, 27741, R.D.F. (Lucan). Also Mentioned is Joseph Culley, formally of Lucan. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Frank Brabazon is reported Wounded and Missing in the Irish Independent, Monday, 6th November 1916. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Figure 55   A letter from the Army Record Office, dated 30^th March 1917, and addressed to Mrs M. Brabazon, informing her that her husband, Frank Brabazon, who had been previously reported “Missing”, was now believed to have been killed in action on 12th June 1916. “Madam, It is my painful duty to inform you that a report has been received from the War Office notifying the death of:- (No.) 24741 (Rank) Private (Name) Frank Brabazon (Regiment) ROYAL DUBLIN FUSILIERS which occurred while serving with the EXPDY FORCE FRANCE on the 12^th June 1916. The report is to the effect that he was Killed in Action (Previously reported “Missing”). By His Majesty’s command I am to forward the enclosed message of sympathy from Their Gracious Majesties the King and Queen. I am at the same time to express the regret of the Army Council at the soldier’s death in his Country’s service. I am to add that any information that may be received as to the soldier’s burial will be communicated to you in due course. A separate leaflet dealing more fully with this subject is enclosed. I am, Madam, Mrs. M. Brabazon, Your obedient Servant, W Cooney, Capt. For —- Infantry Records, Dublin Officer in charge of Records.” Source: Great Granddaughter, Aoife Keegan Twomey.

Frank Brabazon is reported Dead in the Irish Independent, Tuesday, 17th April 1917. Fellow Lucanian James Hunter is also now reported as Dead. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

F. Brabazon is reported Killed in the Freemans Journal, Tuesday 17th April 1917. Fellow Lucanian James Hunter is also reported Killed. Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Frank Brabazon’s name on Loos Memorial, Panel 127 to 129, France. Source: Find A Grave. Author: International War Graves Photography Project.

Memorial Scroll of Frank Brabazon. Source: Great Grandson, Ian Brabazon.

Private Thomas Cleary

9464, 1^st Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.

Died 1^st July 1916.

Thomas Andreas Cleary was born in Lucan in 1889. Son of Thomas Cleary and Elizabeth Bernes. Thomas and Elizabeth were married in Celbridge on 24^th January 1868. 

In the 1901 Census, Thomas Cleary, aged twelve can be found living in Cooldrinagh, Lucan. Father, Thomas (56, Farm Labour), mother, Elizabeth (45, Housekeeper), and siblings, John (22, Farm Labour), Elizabeth (17, Winder in tweed factory), and Bridget (15, Winder in tweed factory), are also present. Thomas, the youngest, is the only child not born in Co. Kildare.

On the 20^th of December 1901, Thomas Sr. died from chronic Bronchitis, at the age of sixty, in Dodsboro, Lucan. His wife, Elizabeth was present at the time of death. Less than three years later, on the 1^st of September 1903, Elizabeth Cleary from Lucan, died from pneumonia in the Celbridge Workhouse. She was 55 years old. Unfortunately, Thomas would have been only 14 years old when he became an orphan. 

Thomas Cleary’s Service Number, 9464, shows that he enlisted with the 1^st Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers between 9^th January 1907 and 28^th August 1908. This is corroborated by a later Newspaper article which states he had served with the colours (Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers) for 9 years up to 1916.

On 24^th January 1909, Thomas Cleary married Mary Reilly, in St. Andrew’s Church, Dublin. Both had an address of 27 Cumberland Street.

Thomas Cleary does not seem to appear in the 1911 Census, his service with the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers could be the reason. 

On 15^th December 1912 Thomas and Mary Cleary’s first child, Catherine Elizabeth was born. Their second child, William Thomas, was born on 27^th May 1916, in No. 54 Corporation Place, North Dock, Dublin. Thomas Cleary’s occupation is recorded as “Soldier” on his son’s birth register. Unfortunately, it is quite likely that Thomas never got to see his son, William, as he was most likely in France. The Electoral Roll for 1914 does not list Thomas Cleary as the inhabitant of No. 54 Corporation Place, so the family may have moved in after that date.

Thomas Cleary’s Medal Index Card does not show an entitlement to the 1914-15 Star Medal, which suggests that he may not have been with the 1^st Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers during the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915; participation in which would have qualified him for the 1914-15 Star Medal. However, he was with the 1^st Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers in France (the battalion arrived in France from Egypt in January 1916).

From 17^th to 22^nd June 1916, the 1^st Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers war diary states that the battalion was billeted in Louvencourt, where they trained for the up-coming Somme Offensive by conducting daily parades and practice attacks on German trenches. The Somme Offensive was a long planned combined British and French assault that was hoped would shorten the war. The French had been due to carry the brunt of the attack, however, the start of the Battle of Verdun meant that they had to divert much of their force to Verdun. The British would now have to bear the brunt of the planned attack.

On 23^rd June, the 1^st Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers moved into the front-line trenches relieving the “Hants” (Hampshire) Regiment. The front lines were quiet throughout the day. The following day, on 24^th June, “U” day in the countdown to the coming offensive (which was due to commence on “Z” Day), the British artillery started a steady bombardment at 5 am. The British discharged gas against the enemy. 

On 25^th June, “V” day, the battalion war diary reports that the British bombardment continued, cutting the barbed wire entanglements in front of the enemy lines, and hitting the enemy support trenches behind their lines. The British again discharged gas at midnight. On 26^th, “W” day, the battalion discharged gas at 10.15. The enemy retaliated with heavy artillery fire on the trenches of the Inniskilling Fusiliers. Gas and smoke were discharged at 13.30 and again at 14.30 on the battalions right from Thiepval-Wood. On 27^th, “X” day, patrols were sent out into no-man’s-land at night to examine the condition of the enemy barbed wire entanglements. On 28^th, “Y” day, the British bombardment of the enemy relentlessly continued. At 4.30pm word was received “Z Day postponed for 48 hours owing to bad weather”. At 11.30pm night patrols were again sent out to inspect the enemy barbed wire but were intercepted by enemy machine gun fire. On 29^th, “Y1” day, the battalion received the order:

“In the event of active operations being further postponed, the Brigade has been ordered to make a raid on the German Trenches tomorrow night. TheG. O. C. wishes this raid if required, to be carried out by the battalion under your command”.

The objective of the planned raid was:

“To obtain identification in the shape of one or two prisoners”. 

On 30^th June, “Y2” day, a message was received that 2pm “that 1^st July to be “Z” Day and 00.00 to be 7.30am”. 00.00 being zero hour, the time of attack. As such, the trench raid that was planned to take place that night was cancelled.

On 1^st July 1916, “Z” day, the Somme Offensive began with the Battle of Albert. At 7.30am, ZERO HOUR the 1^st Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers left their trenches and proceeded across no-man’s-land in lines of platoons in single file. The Germans immediately opened on the advancing Inniskilling’s with machine gun fire, inflicting heavy casualties. The attack was “decimated”, with no men being able to advance any further than the enemy wire entanglements. The 1^st Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers war diary notes that their attack failed in their sector as they found it impossible to bring up the Reserves.

At the outset of the attack the strength of the battalion was 36 Officers and 916 Other Ranks. By the end of the first day of the Somme offensive the 1^st Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers reported: 4 Officers killed, four missing, and eleven wounded, 50 Other Ranks killed, 225 Other Ranks missing, and 265 Other Ranks wounded. The remaining men rallied in the battalion sector near St. John’s Road. The following day at 10.00 am the battalion received orders to move back to Hamel and assume position in Brigade Reserve, where they would remain. Unfortunately, Thomas Cleary was not among the remaining men, having gone missing on the first day of the attack. 

The first day of the Somme Offensive saw the British sustain 57,470 casualties, 19,240 of these men were killed, making it, at that point, the single worst day in British Military history. The Battle of the Somme would continue until the 18^th of November 1916. It would eventually cost the British around 420,000 casualties, the French around 200,000 casualties, and the Germans around 343,000 casualties; the outcome of the battle would prove to be indecisive. 

On Wednesday, 9^th August 1916, The Evening Herald, published a photograph of Thomas Cleary with the following text:

“PRIVATE T. CLEARY (9464), Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, missing since an engagement on July 1, 1916. Private Cleary has nine years’ service with the colours. His wife would be glad of news of him”.

On Saturday, 7^th April 1917, The Evening Herald published a photograph of Thomas Cleary with the following text:

“PTE. THOS. CLEARY, Inniskilling Fusiliers. Missing since an engagement on July 1, 1916, is now reported as killed on that date. His wife and two children reside at 54 Corporation place, Dublin”.

As it happens, the soldier pictured beside the photograph of Thomas Cleary is fellow Lucanian, James Hunter, of Weir View, who went missing on 6^th September 1916. Unfortunately, James Hunter would later be reported killed in action. 

Thomas Cleary was 27 years old at the time of his death. His body was later identified and buried in a shared grave with an unknown soldier, in Y Ravine Cemetery, Beaumont-Hamel, plot D. 40., France.

Private T. Cleary’s photograph from Evening Herald, Wednesday, August 09, 1916, page 3. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Close-up of Private T. Cleary’s photograph from Evening Herald, Wednesday, August 09, 1916, page 3. The accompanying text reads: “PRIVATE T. CLEARY (9464). Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, missing since an engagement on July 1, 1916. Private Cleary has nine years’ service with the colours. His wife would be glad of news of him”. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Evening Herald, Saturday, April 07, 1917, page 5. Thomas’ Photograph appears beside that of fellow Lucanian Private James Hunter (See James Hunter entry). The accompanying text reads: PTE. Thos. Clery, Inniskilling Fusiliers, missing since and engagement on July 1, 1916, is now reported as killed on that date. His wife and two children reside at 54 Corporation Place Dublin”. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

The soldier pictured beside Thomas Cleary is fellow Lucanian, James Hunter, of Weir View, who went missing on 6th September 1916. Unfortunately, James Hunter would also later be reported killed in action. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

“Two Soldiers of The Great War.” The grave of Thomas Cleary and an unknown soldier in “Y” Ravine Cemetery. Source: Find A Grave. Author: m lambert.

Acting Corporal Thomas Devine (Vines) 

14596, 2^nd Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 1^st July 1916.

Thomas Devine was born in Baltinglass, Co. Wicklow, in 1871. Son of Mr and Mrs Patrick Devine.

Thomas Devine’s Dependent’s Pension Card, notes that he went by the alias of Thomas Vines. It was therefore possible to find his marriage, to Mary Ann Byrne of Donard, Co. Wicklow, on 17^th July 1904. They had a son, Patrick Vines, who was born 7^th July 1907. 

Multiple sources recorded his home address at the time of his enlistment as being in Lucan, Co. Dublin. A Mrs. Devine appears in the 1916 and 1917 editions of the Thom’s Directory, living in number 5 Vesey Cottage. Though it has not yet been established, it is possible that this may be the Lucan connection.

Thomas Devine was 43 years old at the outbreak of the war, which was quite old for enlistment, but not un-heard of. It is possible, due to his age, that he had previously served with the army, though this is only speculation.

His medal index card shows that he was entitled to a British War Medal and Victory Medal. His high service number, 14596, coupled with the lack of an entitlement to a 1914-15 Star Medal would suggest that he may not have enlisted until the end of 1915, arriving in France in 1916.

Between the 19^th and 23^rd June 1916, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary noted that the battalion was behind the lines and reported working parties from the Battalion preparing assembly trenches for an upcoming offensive.

The attack they were preparing for was the infamous Somme Offensive, a long planned combined British and French assault that it was hoped would shorten the war. The French were to endure the brunt of the attack, but the start of the Battle of Verdun, compelled them to divert much of their force to Verdun. Thus, the British would now bear the brunt of the planned attack. 

On the 24^th of June, “U” day on the countdown to the up-coming offensive (which was due to commence on “Z” Day), artillery was active on both sides particularly at night. “U” day is then noted as being the first day of the British preliminary heavy bombardment, which was intended to weaken German defences. Extra bread is now supplied daily to the men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers. On the 25^th, “V” day, British artillery targeted the German front lines and destroyed their defensive barbed wire entanglements. The intense British bombardment of the enemy lines started to draw counter artillery bombardments from the Germans, with many shells falling on the village of Mailly-Maillet, where the Dubliners were billeted, forcing them to move out into the nearby fields west of the village.

On 26^th, “W” day, the British bombardment of enemy lines “intensified in severity”. Enemy shells continued to fall among the village. The weather was reported as showery and unsettled, a pathetic fallacy reflecting the mood of the men, as the eve of battle drew near. In the evening, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers moved to Beaussart.

On 27^th, “X” day of operations, the battalion spent the day quietly completing arrangements for the upcoming assault. A working party headed to the trenches. The Artillery bombardment continued non-stop, and the weather worsened, causing the camp to become muddy. On the wet morning of the 28^th, “Y” day, the battalion was assembled for an inspection by Brigadier-General C. A. Wilding, who addressed the men. That evening the men were to move into their assembly trenches, from which they would launch their assault the following morning. However, at the last moment

“a wire arrived saying ‘ZERO postponed 48 hours’ [ZERO being the hour of attack]. The postponement was due to the wet weather”.

The postponement of the attack allowed the men to make further preparations; though it undoubtedly prolonged their anxiety, as they would have been mentally preparing themselves for the attack. At 10.45 pm on June 30^th, the men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers proceeded to the front lines to take up positions in their assembly trenches. 

On “Z” Day, 1^st July 1916, with the weather fine and warm, the first phase of the Somme Offensive began; the Battle of Albert. At 9am the men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers left their assembly trenches and went “over the top” and started their advance across no-man’s-land towards the German front line. Unfortunately, the British bombardment of the previous days had lifted before most of the British soldiers left their trenches, allowing the Germans in many sections of the line enough time to man their trenches for the attack they knew was coming. The men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers immediately came under withering enfilade fire from enemy machine guns positions at Beaumont-Hamel.

At 9.05 am orders to stand fast were received, followed immediately by the message “your Battalion not to go beyond English front line trenches till further orders”. Two runners were immediately sent after each company to stop the attack. The order only arrived at the first line of trenches in time to stop the advance. Unfortunately, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary reported that it had been impossible to stop all the platoons from advancing. Many had already made it to the ground between the front lines and “without exception became casualties”. At 12 noon, the following order was received:

“you will attack the German trenches and consolidate line from point 86 to 88 inclusive. The Seaforth Highlanders are attacking North of THE REDAN. Point 59 is held by our own troops. The 29th Division are attacking BEAUMONT-HAMEL at 12.30. Take care of your left flank as there are still some Germans in position opposite THE REDAN”.

However, due to the earlier failure, to stop the men advancing, it was found impossible to collect more than sixty men. Out of 23 Officers and 480 men from the initial advance, fourteen officers and 311 men had become casualties, being either killed, wounded, or missing. The remaining men had become scattered and mixed up over the length of the 400-yard stretch of front-line trenches. The commanding Officer was ordered to find what men he could and reassemble them in the original Assembly trenches. Though reinforcements equivalent to 10% of the Battalions strength arrived in the evening, the Battalion would not be properly reorganised until the following day. On the 3^rd of July the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers returned to billets in MAILLY-MAILLET. Unfortunately, Acting-Corporal Thomas Devine, was not among them, he was reported missing on the first day of the assault.

The first day of the Somme Offensive saw the British sustained 57,470 casualties, 19,240 of these men were killed, making it, at that point, the single worst day in British Military history. The Battle of the Somme would continue until the 18^th of November 1916. It would eventually cost the British 420,000 casualties, the French 200,000 casualties, and the German around, 343,000 casualties. There was hardly a village or town throughout Britain and Ireland that did not suffer loss. The outcome of the battle would prove to be indecisive.

On Wednesday 9^th August 1916, both The Freemans Journal and The Irish Independent reported that Act-Cpl. Thomas Divine of Dublin was missing. A month later, on Thursday 7^th September 1916, The Freemans Journal reported that Act-Cpl. Thomas Devine of Lucan was “Previously reported missing, now reported killed”. 

Thomas Devine was 45 years old at the time of his death, he has no known grave and is commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial, France. Pier and Face: 16 C.

Missing- Devine, 14596, Act. Cpl. T. (Dublin). Page 7, Freemans Journal, Wednesday 9th August 1916. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Missing- Devine, 14596, Act. Cpl. T. (Dublin). Page 2, Irish Independent, Wednesday 9th August 1916. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Previously reported missing, now reported killed: – Devine, 14596, Act. Cpl. T. (Lucan). Page7, Freemans Journal, Thursday 7th September 1916. This entry is notable as it specifically refers to him being from Lucan. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Irish Independent Thursday 7th September 1916. Thomas Devine is listed as “DEAD”. “ROLL OF HONOUR. DUBLINS AND RIFLES LOSSES. Last night’s recorded casualties were very severe. The Dublin Fusiliers and the Irish Rifles were the principal sufferers among Irish regiments, whose total losses exceeded 100 missing and killed, and 150 wounded, apart from the fallen Irishmen in British regiments. Officers D. 23 W.&M. 57 TI. 80 Australia, do. D.8 W.&M. 49 TI. 57 Ranks D. 1,188 W.&M. 3,707 TI. 4,895 IRISH RANK AND FILE (Privates unless otherwise indicated.) DEAD.- Dublins- Devine, 14596, Act.-Cpl. T. (Lucan) ;” Source: The British Newspaper Archives.

Thomas Vines’ Dependent’s Pension Card refers the reader to Dependent’s Pension Card records filed under Thomas’s alias; “See Devine Thomas”. Source: Fold3.

Thomas Devine’s name (top left) on the Thiepval Memorial Source: Find A Grave. Author: MISTY.

Corporal Walter Peter Curley, D.C.M.

9508, 2^nd Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 6^th July 1916.

Walter Peter Curley was born in Finnstown around 1883. Son of James and Mary Curley of Finnstown. Multiple records, including Ireland’s Memorial Records 1914-1918, erroneously record Walter Peter Curley’s place of birth as “Finstown, Co. Kildare”. Online memorial records such as “Remembrance, The World War 1 Dead of County Kildare” and “A Street Near You”, correctly note that the Finnstown is in Lucan. It wouldn’t be unreasonable for Walter Peter Curley (or indeed the requitement officer) to have made the error when filling in his place of birth on enlistment. Unfortunately, no birth or baptismal records could be found, nor do the Curley family appear in Lucan on either the 1901 or 1911 censuses.

 
Walter Peter Curley’s service number, 9508, shows that he enlisted with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers between 27^th February 1905 and 6^th October 1906. Following the Second Boer War, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were stationed in Buttevant, Cork. In 1910 the battalion left for Aldershot, England, where it remained until the out-break of war in August 1914. If Walter Peter Curley enlisted on “short service”, he would have served 3 years with the Colours (his regiment) and 9 years thereafter with the Reserves, to be called up if needed. This would have made him reservist on the out-break of the First World War. Prior to the outbreak of war Walter lived in 13, Ann St., Plumstead, London, with his wife A. L. Curley and children (I have yet to look for his Dependent’s Pension Card, to confirm names and dates of birth). A Casualty List in the Northern Whig, Saturday 29^th July 1916, confirms his prewar address in Plumstead.

It is likely that Walter Peter Curley would have been a reservist on the outbreak of war in 1914 and would have been called up to fight. He rejoined with the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers, which was garrisoned at Bordon Barracks, Gravesend, England out of fear that there might be a German invasion of Britain. However, the battalion was sent to France during the allied retreat from the city of Mons. Walter Peter Curley’s Medal index Card confirms his presence at this early stage of the war, noting that he was entitled to the 1914 “Mons” Star medal, having landed at Boulogne, France, with the 2^nd Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers on the 23^rd of August 1914. On arrival in France, the 2^nd battalion moved to Le Cateau, taking up rearguard action to cover the retreat of the British Expeditionary Force in the face of the overwhelming German advance.

During the Second Battle of Ypres, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers took part in all but one of the supporting battles. Between the 24^th of April and 24^th May 1915, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers suffered just under 1500 casualties, a staggering figure considering that the battalion at full strength numbered 1027 men. On the 22^nd of April 1915, the Germans unleashed a new and terrible weapon on the Allies troops around Ypres, Chlorine Gas. It had a horrific impact on the unsuspecting Allied soldiers, killing hundreds of men, and causing many more to flee in complete disarray. As a result of the panic caused, a gap in the line was opened at St. Julien. On the 24^th of April 1915 the men of 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers marched 50km to the outskirts of Ypres, to try and retake the village of St. Julien. At 4 a.m. in the morning of the 25^th of April, the 2^nd Battalion took up positions for the attack to re-take the Village. The Battalion war diary does not go into the specifics of the action, merely stating “Heavy Casualties”. Unfortunately, the men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were cut down in their hundreds by enemy machine gun fire. An appendix attached to the April War Diary notes that forty-five men were killed, eighty men were reported Wounded, and a further 371 men were listed as missing on 25^th April 1915. Following this, without any respite, the Battalion took part in fighting at Frezenberg and Bellewaarde. On 24^th May, the remaining men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were almost completely wiped out by a German attack at Mouse Trap Farm.

 
At 2.45 a.m. on 24^th May 1915, red flares lit up the night sky over the trenches at Mouse Trap Farm, followed by a dull roar. The Germans had launched an attack which involved the first large scale use of chlorine gas on the Western Front. A gentle breeze carried a dense cloud of gas, roughly three miles long and 40 foot in depth, towards the trenches of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, grass and trees being bleached in its wake. The men who had been on alert at the time, and warned to watch for gas, were not taken entirely by surprise, and had only just fixed their rudimentary respirators when the dense cloud of gas passed over them. Three quarters of an hour later the thick gas cloud started to clear, and men could be seen “pouring” out of the trenches from Mouse Trap Farm, immediately after which German troops were reported in the farm. As the gas further cleared up the Germans began a heavy artillery bombardment, heavy enfilading machine gun fire also began to come from the left of the farm. It was noted in a report on the action that:

“Getting messages down to Battn. H.Q. was a difficulty and it was impossible to get an orderly back to Div. Support line without him being badly hit – every orderly who came to and went from us was hit, yet every time there was a message to go there was a volunteer to take it”.

Interestingly, Walter Peter Curley’s citation for his Distinguished Conduct Medal (later published in The London Gazette on 10^th March 1916) reads:

“9508, Corporal W. P. Curley, 2nd Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers. For conspicuous gallantry, when he went out to mend telephone wires under fire, and twice went out under heavy fire to take messages off orderlies who had been killed in endeavouring to deliver them.”

Walter Peter Curley’s citation for the Distinguished Conduct Medal, The London Gazette, 10th March 1916, Supplement 29503, page 2663. Source: The Gazette Official Public Record.

The enemy then began to use gas shells, which proved greatly irritating to the eyes of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers but had little other effect. The Battalion lines were overrun by small parties of advancing Germans by 2.30 p.m. and at 9.30 p.m. the Battalion was finally withdrawn from the frontlines. The 2nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers Battalion War Diary noted:

“Battn. strength in the trenches in the morning was officers 17, other ranks 651. When Battn. was withdrawn that evening one officer and 20 other ranks crossed the canal.”

A casualty lists attached to the Battalion War Diary recorded a staggering 547 men missing, 143 men would later be reported dead because of the attack. Following the attack on Mouse Trap Farm the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers had been practically destroyed and would take no further part in any major battles for the remainder of the year.

During this period Walter Peter Curley was Mentioned in Dispatches (where an individual’s name and actions are noted in an official report written to the high command). As a result, his name was listed on page 6003 of The London Gazette on Tuesday 22nd June 1915, The Following day, Wednesday 23^rd June 1915, Walter Peter Curley’s Mention in Dispatches also appeared in the Irish Independent.

Third Supplement to The London Gazette, Friday, the 18th of June 1915.  London Gazette “War Office, 22nd June 1915. The following dispatch has been received by the Secretary of State for War from the Field- Marshal Commanding-in-Chief, British Forces in the Field:- 31st May, 1915.My Lord,- In accordance with the last paragraph of my Dispatch of the 5th of April, 1915, I have the honour to bring to notice names of those whom I recommend for gallant and distinguished service in the field. I have the honour to be, Your Lordship’s most obedient Servant, J. D. P. FRENCH, Field Marshal, Commanding-in-Chief, The British Army in the Field.”

[Page 6003] “2nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Curley, No 9508 Corporal W. P.” Source: The Gazette Official Public Record.

Corporal Walter Peter Curley Mention in Dispatches is noted in the Irish Independent, Wednesday 23rd June 1915. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

The London Gazette, 14 January 1916, “9508 Corporal W. P. Curley, 2nd Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers” is “AWARDED THE DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT MEDAL.” Source: The Gazette Official Public Record.

Freeman’s Journal, Friday 14th January 1916, Walter Peter Curley is “AWARDED THE DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT MEDAL.” Source: British Newspaper Archive.

On Friday 14^th January 1916 The London Gazette confirmed “9508 Corporal W. P. Curley, 2nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers” had been awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal. The award was also announced in the Freeman’s Journal on the same day.

Between the 19^th and 23^rd June 1916, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary noted that the battalion was behind the lines, with working parties preparing assembly trenches for an upcoming offensive. The attack they were preparing for was the infamous Somme Offensive, a long planned combined British and French assault that it was hoped would shorten the war. The French were to endure the brunt of the attack, but the start of the Battle of Verdun, compelled them to divert much of their force to Verdun. Thus, the British would now bear the brunt of the planned attack. On the 24^th of June, “U” day on the countdown to the up-coming offensive (which was due to commence on “Z” Day), artillery was active on both sides particularly at night. “U” day is then noted as being the first day of the British preliminary heavy bombardment, which was intended to weaken German defences. Extra bread is now supplied daily to the men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers. On the 25^th, “V” day, British artillery targeted the German front lines and destroyed their defensive barbed wire entanglements. The intense British bombardment of the enemy lines started to draw counter artillery bombardments from the Germans, with many shells falling on the village of Mailly-Maillet, where the Dubliners were billeted, forcing them to move out into the nearby fields west of the village.

On 26^th, “W” day, the British bombardment of enemy lines “intensified in severity”, with enemy shells continuing to fall among the village. In the evening, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers moved to Beaussart. On 27^th, “X” day of operations, the battalion spent the day quietly completing arrangements for the upcoming assault. A working party headed to the trenches. The Artillery bombardment continued non-stop, and the weather worsened, causing the camp to become muddy. On the wet morning of the 28^th, “Y” day, the battalion was assembled for an inspection by Brigadier-General C. A. Wilding, who addressed the men. That evening the men were to move into their assembly trenches, from which they would launch their assault the following morning. However, at the last moment

“a wire arrived saying ‘ZERO postponed 48 hours’ [ZERO being the hour of attack]. The postponement was due to the wet weather”.

The postponement of the attack allowed the men to make further preparations; though it undoubtedly prolonged their anxiety, as they would have been mentally preparing themselves for the attack. At 10.45 pm on June 30^th, the men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers proceeded to the front lines to take up positions in their assembly trenches.

On “Z” Day, 1st July 1916, with the weather fine and warm, the first phase of the Somme Offensive began; the Battle of Albert. At 9am the men of the 2nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers left their assembly trenches and went “over the top” and started their advance across no-man’s-land towards the German front line. Unfortunately, the British bombardment of the previous days had lifted before most of the British soldiers left their trenches, allowing the Germans in many sections of the line enough time to man their trenches for the attack they knew was coming. The men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers immediately came under withering enfilade fire from enemy machine guns positions at Beaumont-Hamel.

At 9.05 am orders to stand fast were received, followed immediately by the message “your Battalion not to go beyond English front line trenches till further orders”. Two runners were immediately sent after each company to stop the attack. The order only arrived at the first line of trenches in time to stop the advance. Unfortunately, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary reported that it had been impossible to stop all the platoons from advancing. Many had already made it to the ground between the front lines and “without exception became casualties”. At 12 noon, the following order was received:

“you will attack the German trenches and consolidate line from point 86 to 88 inclusive. The Seaforth Highlanders are attacking North of THE REDAN. Point 59 is held by our own troops. The 29th Division are attacking BEAUMONT-HAMEL at 12.30. Take care of your left flank as there are still some Germans in position opposite THE REDAN”.

However, due to the earlier failure, to stop the men advancing, it was found impossible to collect more than sixty men. Out of 23 Officers and 480 men from the initial advance, fourteen officers and 311 men had become casualties, being either killed, wounded, or missing. The remaining men had become scattered and mixed up over the length of the 400-yard stretch of front-line trenches. The commanding Officer was ordered to find what men he could and reassemble them in the original Assembly trenches. Though reinforcements equivalent to 10% of the Battalions strength arrived in the evening, the Battalion would not be properly reorganised until the following day. On the 3^rd of July the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers returned to billets in MAILLY-MAILLET.

The first day of the Somme Offensive saw the British sustained 57,470 casualties, 19,240 of these men were killed, making it, at that point, the single worst day in British Military history. The Battle of the Somme would continue until the 18^th of November 1916. It would eventually cost the British 420,000 casualties, the French 200,000 casualties, and the German around, 343,000 casualties. There was hardly a village or town throughout Britain and Ireland that did not suffer loss. The outcome of the battle would prove to be indecisive.

Corporal Walter Peter Curley was severely wounded during the initial attack and brought to the 19^th Casualty Clearing Station, where he died later that day on the 6^th of July 1916. Despite being dead, his name appeared in a list of the wounded in the Northern Whig on Saturday 29^th July.

Walter Peter Curley is remembered on his wife’s family grave in Welling, Greenwich, Greater London, which states “Sergt. Walter Peter Curley. R.D.F. who fell in the great offensive in France July 6th, 1916. Aged 33 years.” Corporal Walter Peter Curley is buried in Doullens Communal Cemetery Extension No.1, France. Plot IV. C. 11. The personal inscription on his grave reads:

“EVER REMEMBERED BY HIS LOVING WIFE AND CHILDREN”

Walter Peter, then Acting Sergeant, is listed as Wounded in the Northern Whig, Saturday 29th July 1916. Unfortunately, by time of this publication, Walter Peter Curley had already died from his wounds. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Details of the personal inscription on Corporal Walter Peter Curley’s grave. Source: CWGC.

Corporal Walter Peter Curley’s grave in Doullens Communal Cemetery Extension No.1, France. Source: Londonwarmemorial.co.uk.

Walter Peter Curley is recorded on his wife’s family grave in Welling, Greenwich, Greater London, England. “ALSO SERGT. WALTER PETER CURLEY. R.D.F. WHO FELL IN THE GREAT OFFENSIVE IN FRANCE JULY 6^TH 1916. AGED 33 YEARS. R.I.P. GREATER LOVE HATH NO MAN THAN THIS, THAN A MAN LAY DOWN HIS LIFE FOR HIS FRIENDS.” Source: Imperial War Museum. Author: David Ayling.

Private Michael Kelly

19659, 8^th Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 4^th August 1916.

Michael Kelly was born in Lucan on 6^th November 1881. Son of carter Louis Kelly and Ann Horan.

In the 1901 Census, Michael, aged “18”, can be found living in House 100 in Lucan. His occupation is given as a Mill Labourer. Father, Lowis (Mill Labourer, 52), Mother, Anne (Housekeeper, 48), and siblings, Thomas (Labourer, 24), Margaret (Weaver, 22), Lowis (Yard Boy, 20), James (Grocer’s Porter, 16), Anne (Daruer, 14), Christopher (12), Francis (brother, 10), and Bridget (8) are also present.

No obvious match for Michael Kelly appears in the 1911 Census, though the Kelly family can still be found living in Lucan Town. According to Michael Kelly’s dependents pension card the family lived on Mill Bank. 

Michael Kelly enlisted with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in Dublin in 1915. According to his Medal Index Card he arrived in France on 20^th December 1915, only just qualifying for a 1914-15 Star Medal. In mid-1916, Michael Kelly was seriously wounded; quite possibly during the Somme Offensive, which began on 1^st July 1916 and ended on 18^th November 1916. He was subsequently sent to Chatham Military Hospital in England for treatment.

Private M. Kelly, 19659, of Lucan was reported Wounded in the Freemans Journal, Tuesday 22^nd August 1916. Unfortunately, by the time this paper had been published he had already succumbed to his wounds, dying in England on the 4^th of August 1916. Some of his records conflict with this date of death. Both his Medal Index Card and one of his pension records give his date of death as the 7^th of August 1916. However, these records are post-war and therefore it is likely that the date of 7^th August is a typographical error. Ireland’s Memorial Record: World War 1: 1914-1918, incorrectly states that William died of wounds in France.

Michael Kelly is buried in a shared grave with a Private P. J. Quill in Southend-on-Sea (Sutton Road) Cemetery, plot F. 5975. United Kingdom.

Michael Kelly of Lucan is reported wounded in Freemans Journal, Tuesday 22nd August 1916, Page 7. By the time this paper had been published, Michael Kelly had already succumbed to his wounds, dying on the 4th of August. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Dublin Daily Express, Tuesday 22^nd August 1916. Michael Kelly is reported as “Wounded” despite having by then died of his wounds. THE ROLL OF HONOUR. 248 OFFICERS : 4,984 MEN – RANK AND FILE LOSSES. In Irish Regiments – Wounded. 19659 M. Kelly (Lucan).” Interestingly, fellow Lucanian, Walter Peter Curley also appeared in the same casualty list. His name can be seen above the excerpt containing the word “Wounded” above. Walter Peter Curley died of wounds in France on 6^th July 1916. Source: The British Newspaper Archives.

Michael Kelly shares a grave with Private P.J. Quill in the Sutton Road Cemetery. Date of death is recorded as 4th August 1916. Find A Grave. Author: is.

Private James Hunter

24646, “A” Company, 8^th Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 6^th September 1916.

James Hunter was born on 24^th October 1892, in Irishtown, Co. Westmeath, son of Alexander Hunter and Margaret Feeney.

In the 1901 Census a James Hunter of the correct age, religion, and county of birth, is listed as living with his uncle, Samuel Hunter (Tailor, 31) and grandmother MaryAnne Hunter (Housekeeper, 71) on Main Street Celbridge. Despite his uncle and grandmother being Church of Ireland, James is listed as Roman Catholic. There were eight lodgers also recorded in the house. 

In the 1911 Census, James, appears in Lucan, living with his mother (Char Woman, 49, then widowed, it appears that James’s father may have passed away in 1909) and his two brothers, Joseph (Invalid, 16) and Michael (10). James, aged eighteen, is listed as a labourer.

On the 23^rd of November 1914, James married Catherine Feeney (Catherine’s surname is spelled Fearney on the CWGC next of kin details). His address was 8 Weir View and his occupation listed as a Labourer. James Hunter would soon after volunteer for service with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

From 1^st July 1916 the British and French armies were engaged in the Somme Offensive. An attack launched by the Allies in the hopes of shortening the war. In September 1916, as part of the Somme Offensive, the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers took part in the Battle of Guillemont (3^rd-6^th September).

The 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary reported on 3^rd September 1916, that the battalion moved from SANDPIT to BALLON FARM in the early hours of the morning, with orders to move on half hours’ notice. The 8^th Battalion marched to Le BRIQUETERIE in the morning of the 4^th of September. At 6.15pm on 5^th September, the 8^th Battalion moved from Le BRIQUETERIE, to take up position in the front lines, “encountering considerable HE [high explosive] shrapnel after passing GUILLEMONT”. The war dairy notes the harsh conditions: “Raining, very muddy ground completely broken up by Shell fire”. The battalion took up position in the line between the 1^st Royal Munster Fusiliers and the 49^th Brigade, with the relief being completed by 11pm. The rest of the night was reported to be quiet.

The morning of the 6^th of September was misty. In the morning patrols of the 7^th Battalion Royal Irish Rifles passed through the front-line trenches of the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers. They Royal Irish Rifles suffered terribly from enemy machine gun and rifle fire from a German strong point at QUADRILATERAL S.E. of GINCHY. The 7^th Division then attacked GINCHY, and the enemy was noted to be watching the 8^th Battalions front lines. The 8^th Battalion opened machine gun fire on the enemy on a sunken road near GINCHY as they attempted to flank the attacking 7^th Division. The 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers then experienced enemy shelling all day, taking numerous casualties.

The 9^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were then sent up to reinforce the 8^th Battalion’s lines. By the end of the day, the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers reported considerable casualties; the battalion recorded one officer killed, one officer died of wounds, four officers wounded, thirteen other ranks killed, sixty-two other ranks wounded, and two other ranks missing. 

24646 Pte. Hunter J. of “A” Company was reported Wounded on 6^th September 1916 in a “Nominal Roll of Killed, Wounded and Missing” recorded in the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary.

24646 Pte. Hunter J. of “A” Company was reported Wounded on 6th September 1916 in a “Nominal Roll of Killed, Wounded and Missing” recorded in the 8th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary. Source: National Archives Kew.

On Saturday 21^st October, James Hunter was listed as wounded in the Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser. James would later be listed as Wounded and Missing in the Irish independent on 26 December 1916. Information on wounded/missing men in the casualty lists was delayed and given the volatility of war, could often be obsolete by the time of publication in the papers. Ultimately, James Hunter’s date of death was backdated to 6^th September, when he was last recorded in the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers Nominal Roll of Killed, Wounded and Missing. 

He is buried in Guillemont Rd Cemetery, Guillemont, II. G. 4., France. Notes on his Commonwealth War Grave Commission documents state that his burial is believed to be that of James Hunter.

Casualty List Kildare Observer & Eastern. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Roll of Honour Irish Independent 26 December 1916. “Wounded and Missing – Dublins– “ Source: British Newspaper Archive.

James Hunter is reported Dead in the Irish Independent, Tuesday, 17th April 1917. Fellow Lucanian Frank Brabazon is also now reported as Dead. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

James Hunter is reported Killed in the Freemans Journal, Tuesday 17th April 1917. Fellow Lucanian Frank Brabazon is also reported Killed. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Evening Herald, Saturday, April 07, 1917, page 5. James Hunter’s’ Photograph appears beside that of fellow Lucanian Private Thomas Cleary (See Thomas Cleary entry). The accompanying text reads: “PTE. JAMES HUNTER (24646) Royal Dublin Fusiliers, missing since an engagement on September 6, 1916. His wife, who resides at Lucan, would be glad of news of him”. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

James Hunter (right) appears beside fellow Lucanian Thomas Cleary in the Evening Herald, Saturday, April 07, 1917, page 5. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

No. 8 Weir View, Laraghcon, Lucan, home of the Hunter family. Three men from Weir View were killed during the Great War, John Carroll from No.4, James Hunter from No. 8, and William Lanigan from No. 18. Source: Buildings of Ireland.

The grave believed to belong to James Hunter in Guillemont Road Cemetery. Source: Find A Grave. Author: DAvid Mottershead.

Rifleman Peter Casey

8753, 2^nd Battalion, Royal Irish Rifles.

Died 6^th October 1916.

Peter Casey was born on 8^th June 1889, in 7 Montague Lane, Dublin City, son of Peter Casey and Elizabeth Merriman. 

In the 1901 Census, Peter, then aged eleven, is still living on Montague Lane. Father, Peter (Bank Porter, 48), mother, Elizabeth (50), and siblings, Michael (Printer, 20), Patrick (Printer, 19), Mary (18), Catherine (Stamper, 16), and Anne (Apprentice, 14), are also present. Peter, the youngest child, is the only one listed as a scholar.

On 16^th April 1910, Peter married Bridget Mitchell in Saint Andrew’s Church, Dublin. Peter occupation was given as a plumber on their marriage registration.

In the 1911 Census, Peter (General Labourer, 21), wife, Bridget (21), and son, Francis, are found living in house 39.3 in Camden Row (Mansion House, Dublin).

Peter and Bridget Casey had five children, Francis Joseph (1910), Mary Elizabeth (1911), Catherine (1913), Alfred George (1915), and John Joseph (August 1916). The address listed on all birth registers is given as 6 Albert Terrace and Peter Casey is listed as a Soldier on all, and more specifically as Soldier of the Royal Irish Rifles on John’s birth register. Sadly, as his son John was born only two months before his death, it is highly likely that he never got to see him.

On the 11^th of April 1916 Volume XXXII No. 3250 of the Police Gazette reported that Peter Casey, 3^rd Battalion Royal Irish Rifles, was wanted as a “Deserter and absentee from His Majesty’s Service” in Dublin on 3^rd April 1916. The Police Gazette notes that Peter Casey was formerly a motor driver who enlisted on 22 September 1915. While the exact reason and length of his absenteeism is unknown, it is not hard to imagine the temptation many men returning to the front would have felt to spend more time with their families, knowing what awaited them in the front lines.

Police Gazette Published by Authority Tuesday April 11, 1916, Vol. XXXII, No. 3250 War Office, April 11, 1916. DESERTERS AND ABSENTEES FROM HIS MAJESTY’S SERVICE. “(Name) Casey, Peter, (Reg. No.) 8753, (Corps) 3rd R. Irish Rifles, (Age) 23 1/3, (Height) 5 7 ¾, (Trade) motor driver, (Enlistment Date Of) 22 Sept. ’15, (Enlistment Place Of) Dublin, (Parish And County In Which Born) Dublin, (Desertion Date Of) 3^rd Apr., (Desertion Place Of) Dublin.” Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Unfortunately, Peter Casey was wounded soon after his return to the frontlines in mid-1916. He was transferred to a hospital in Epsom, in England, where he later died from his wounds on 6^th October 1916.

His body was repatriated back to Ireland, and he was interred with his father in the (Old) New Esker Cemetery, Lucan. The expense of such a repatriation would have been costly and logistically challenging during war, and thus was very uncommon. It is likely that his repatriation was only permitted as he died in England, and not in France, where a strict non repatriation rule was enforced to make all men equal in death, regardless as to their social and economic standing.  

Death Register of Peter Casey, Epsom, Surrey, England. Source: Find My Past.

Irish Independent 04 November 1916. “IRISH RANK AND FILE DEAD.” Source: British Newspaper Archive.

 One year anniversary of Peter Casey, Roll of Honour, Saturday Evening Herald, 6th October 1917. “CASEY First anniversary- in loving memory of my dear husband, Private Peter Casey, R.I.R., who died from wounds on 6^th October 1916. He bade us not a last farewell, He said good-bye to none. His spirit flew before we knew That from us he had gone. Your gentle face and manner Are present with us still, But heaven for you is far better, Blessed be God’s holy will”. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Peter Casey’s grave, (Old) New Esker Cemetery. The inscription reads “Also his son, Peter R.I.R. who died from wounds received in action 6th Oct. 1916, aged 26 years”. Source: Jonathan Cully.

Private Jeremiah “Gerald” O’Neill

22395, 8^th Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 26^th October 1916.

Jeremiah O’Neill was born in Belan, Co. Kildare on 1^st March 1898, son of miller, James O’Neill, and Elizabeth Coogan.

In the 1901 Census, two years old Jeremiah is still living in Belan, Co. Kildare. Father, James (38, Miller), Mother Elizabeth (29, Housekeeper), and siblings John (8), Daniel (7), and Mary (5), are also present. In the 1911 census, 13 years old Jeremiah, is recorded as “Gerald” and can be found living in Westmanstown, Lucan. Father, James (48, Flour Mill Hand), Mother Eliza (41), and siblings, John (18, Flower Mill Hand), Daniel (17, Garden Boy), Mary (14, Domestic Servant), Eliza (8), James (5), and Micael (2), are also present. The family go by Neill, dropping the “O” from their name. 

Jeremiah (Gerald) O’Neill’s services papers state that he enlisted with the 9^th Royal Dublin Fusiliers on 6^th July 1915. He was a 19-year-old Labourer, and gave his address as Anne Liffey Mills, Lucan, Co. Dublin. On 25^th of October 1915, Gerald was transferred to the 5^th Royal Dublin Fusiliers, a depot/training unit, based in the Curragh Camp. On 29^th January 1916, Gerald O’Neill was transferred to “D” Company of the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers in France. 

In April of 1916, the 8th (Service) Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers were stationed in the front lines at Hulluch, in France. On 27^th April 1916, the 8th (Service) Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary reported:

“Gas attack was signalled back from A Coy at 4.45a.m. There was an almost imperceptible breeze from the EAST, a dense cloud of black gas and smoke was between us and the sun and gradually spreading over our lines. at 5.20a.m. a heavy bombardment of front line trenches began during which time heavy rolls of whitish gas was seen to come from all the sap heads in front of Hulluch Sub section and the POSEN CRATER and moved over the lines of the 49th Inf. Bd. on our left, the bombardment lifted to our reserve and communication trenches and under the gas the enemy entered a section of our front trench where nearly all the men were killed or wounded ; they were put out again and the line held for the rest of the day by the remnants of the two Coys. reinforced by B Coy. from the reserve trench and later (at dark) by A Coy of 9th Dublins from Gun Trench.”

The Germans had released a combination of Chlorine and Phosgene Gas on the British front lines. The gas was so thick that visibility was reduced to a mere three yards; the toxic smell could be smelled up to 20km away. The Dubliner’s choked to death on the poison gas, offering little to no resistance to the raiding enemy soldiers. 376 men of the 8th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were reported missing, wounded, gassed, and killed in the “Nominal Roll of Killed, Wounded, & Missing – 27th – 29th April 1916”. The roll notes on page 8 that Gerald O’Neill “D” Company was among those “Wounded” on the 27^th of April.

Nominal Roll of Killed, Wounded, & Missing – 27th – 29th April 1916. 2239 Pte. O’Neill. G. of D Company, is recorded as “Wounded 27.4.16”, Source: National Archives, Kew.

Gerald O’Neill was among three Lucan men to appear in the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers casualty list for the attack at Hulluch between the 27^th and 29^th April 1916. Andrew O’Tool who was listed as “Wounded” on the 27^th of April would survive his wounds, while Patrick Behan, who was initially recorded as “Gassed” on the 27^th, died of the effects of poison gas the following day on the 28^th of April.  

Shortly afterwards, on the 6^th of May 1916, Gerald was recorded in the No. 9 General Hospital in Rouen with a gunshot wound to the right leg and hip. On 20^th May 1916 it was noted that he was suffering from Diabetes and Phthisis, the following day, 21^st May, he is recorded as “Sick.” Due to the severity of his wounds and illness, Jeremiah was Discharged as he was deemed “no longer physically fit for war service”. He had a total service of 1 year and 26 days. He was invalidated home to Mt. Joseph, Lucan. On the 25^th of May 1916, Gerald, appears in a casualty list of the Northern Whig. Both Andrew O’Toole and Patrick Behan are recorded as casualties in the same list.

According to the recently published website Ireland’s Great War Dead, Gerald O’Neill was:

“no longer physically fit for War Service-Diabetes. Result of active service, shock due to bursting of shell, treated at Rouen, France, for shell wounds to right hip and right leg. ‘A good man, temporarily disabled by active service. Quite capable after a rest, of taking up light work’.”

Jeremiah’s condition would unfortunately deteriorate, and he would die at home in the presence of his father on 26^th October 1916. He was only 18 years old. His official cause of death is listed as “diabetes mellitus” and “phthisis” (tuberculosis), which he contracted while serving. In the run up to the First World War cases tuberculosis had been on a decline, however during the war, cases of tuberculosis exploded dramatically. On the 28^th of October 1916, Gerald O’Neill was listed in the Irish Independent Roll of Honour as having died at home in Lucan.

Irish Independent 28th October 1916. Gerald O’Neill is listed in the Roll of Honour as having died at home in Lucan. “O’Neill – At Lucan, Co. Dublin, after being invalided from the front, Private Gerald O’Neill. Royal Dublin Fusiliers, aged 18”.  Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Gerald O’Neill’s Medal Index Card indicates that he was awarded the silver War Badge, which was awarded to men sent home from the front due to injury or sickness resulting from military service. His award certificate for the silver War Badge was among his service records, along with the following letter from his father:

“Lucan 19/2/17

Sir, I received the war Badge to Gerald O’Neill late No. 22395

R.D.F. But I am sorry to have to tell you that he is dead since

the 26th of October last and I should like to know if I might

keep the Badge. When he died we had to borrow what money to

bear expenses and have to pay it back weekly. I would be very

thankful to you if you could help me to get over the cost.

I remain your servant,

James O’Neill

Mount Joseph

Lucan

Co Dublin”

Jeremiah O’Neill has no Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorial. He is buried in Esker Cemetery. His name has since been entered in the United Kingdom Book of Remembrance, which commemorates those who were not formerly recorded by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission; hopefully a temporary measure while is case for a permanent CWGC headstone is reviewed.

The letter from Gerald O’Neill’s father to the War Office, informing them of his son’s death and requesting to keep his son’s War Badge. Source: Find My Past.

Northern Whig 25 May 1916 Gerald O’Neill is listed at the bottom as having been wounded. Fellow Lucanian Patrick Behan is recorded at the top as having died of wounds, while Andrew O’Toole, also of Lucan, is listed just below Gerald O’Neill as wounded. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Recently discovered and marked grave of Jeremiah O’Neill in the (Old) New Esker Cemetery. Jeremiah’s gave was located and marked by Dave Power, who has notified the Commonwealth War Grave Commission of the discovery. Dave Power erected a wooden cross which bears the inscription “22395 Jeremiah ‘Gerald’ O’Neill 8^th Bn. Royal Dublin Fusiliers 1^st March 1898 – 26^th October 1916” Interestingly, Jeremiah is buried only one plot away from the grave of Volunteer Sean Doyle (high cross on left), a casualty of the Irish War of Independence. Sean Doyle is also covered in this project. Source: Jonathan Cully.

Corporal Richard Lawlor

12517, “D” Company, 8^th Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 31^st December 1916.

Baptism records show that Richard Lawlor was born in Coldblow, Lucan in 1876, son of Martin Lawlor and Jane Byrne, who were married in Athy on 10^th July 1870.

In the 1901 Census, the Lawlor family can still be found living in Coldblow. Richard then aged twenty-four, was working as a plate layer for the railway (possibly connected to the old Lucan North Station). Richard’s father, Martin, mother, jane, brothers, Michael, John, Patrick, and niece, Jane Kennedy are also present. On 13^th February 1911, Richard’s father, Martin passed away. In the 1911 Census, the Lawlor family (Mother Jane and three sons) are still resident in Coldblow, Lucan; Richard, however, is not present.

Richard served with the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers during the First World War. He could have been stationed in Ireland and later England. Richard Lawlor was with the 8^th Battalion when it transferred to France from Blackdown, England in December of 1915, as his medal index card gives his date of arrival in France as 19^th December 1915. While serving with the 8^th Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, he would have taken part in the Battle of the Somme in 1916.

According to the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diary, Richard Lawlor was killed at 6.30pm on New Year’s Eve.

“…Enemy guns active on VIERSTRAAT and PARRET’s FARM. About 6pm several 77’s at VANKEEP. 12517 Cpl. Lawlor R. ‘D’ coy. was killed in VANKEEP at 6.30pm from shell fire. Night bright; at 12mn (midnight) our guns fired for several minutes rapid, probably saluting the New Year.”

Excerpt from the 8th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers War Diaries, which records the death of Cpl. Ricard Lawlor at 6.30pm on 31st December 1916, from shell fire.  Source: National Archives, Kew.

The above transcription is the last entry in the 8^th Battalions War Diary for 1916.  Unfortunately, for Christmas and New Year’s, life in the trenches was business as usual, particularly as the high command did not want a repeat of the 1914 Christmas truce. It was common, and probably even expected for the new year to start with an artillery bombardment.

The incorrect date of death on January 1^st, 1917, was inscribed on Richard Lawlor’s grave. This date is also recorded on all but one Commonwealth War Graves Commission records for Richard Lawlor. His name, date, and time of death, being recorded in the Battalion war diary confirms his death on December 31^st, 1916. This information has since been passed on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, who amended his online records to reflect the correct date of death.

Cpl. Richard Lawlor is buried in Kemmel Chateau Military Cemetery, plot: Y. 34. Belgium.

The correct date of Richard Lawlor’s death now appears on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission website. However, the digitised CWGC documents that are viewable online cannot be altered to reflect this correction, as they are regarded as historical documents. Source: CWGC.

Richard Lawlor appears last in a list of killed “RANK AND FILE LOSSES” Dublin Daily Express, Friday, 2nd February 1917, Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Richard Lawlor’s Grave, showing the incorrect date of death of 1st January 1917. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Marvin & Samme Templin.

Corporal William Phillips

S/43201, 9^th Battalion, The Black Watch, Royal Highlanders.

Died 28^th January 1917.

William Phillips was born on 15^th January 1888, Temple Street, Sligo, son of Royal Irish Constabulary Constable, John Phillips, and Kathleen Plant.

The family can be found living in Johnstown Kilkenny, in the 1901 Census, having moved after Constable John Phillips was transferred to a new R.I.C. Barracks. William is listed as being 13 years old. His mother, Kathleen, older sister, Eva, and younger siblings, John, Kathleen, and Robert, are all present. His father is noted as appearing on another local census return; appearing on the Johnstown Barracks return as J. P., Head Constable. The family religion is listed as Church of Ireland. 

In the 1911 Census, the Phillips family can now be found living in Lucan, more specifically in Garden House (now called Gardenville), on the corner of Primrose Lane. By this stage William’s father was Head Constable of Lucan Barracks (now Lucan Garda Station). Father, John, is again absent from the household return, appearing on the census return of Lucan Barracks as J. P., Head Constable. William is also missing but appears as a visitor in the Straghan family home, in De Courcy Square, Glasnevin. William is listed as being a 23-year-old Assistant Clerk for the Irish Land Commission. The Phillips family religion is now given as Methodist.

According to an article published in the Kilkenny Journal on the 17^th of February 1917, William Phillips was working as a Civil Servant for the Irish Land Commission for eight years, when war broke out in 1914. William and several of his colleagues then made their way to Scotland, where they enlisted with The Black Watch Regiment.

William was stationed in the UK with his regiment until 1916, as he does not appear to be entitled to the 1914-15 Star. In 1916, William was promoted to the rank of Corporal, though his grave and medal Index Card record him as being a private. His rank of Corporal is noted in Ireland’s Memorial Records, the Kilkenny Journal article, and his certificate of active service (which was issued by the Recruiting Authorities in Ireland). 

The Kilkenny Journal article goes on to state that William was killed at midday in one of the most advanced outposts in the front lines, on January 28^th, 1917. William was “lying down enjoying a short rest, when a German aerial dart landed in the trench and exploded just beside his head, killing him instantaneously.” He was buried that night about 100 yards behind the front lines. He was later re-buried in Warlencourt British Cemetery, plot I.C.6. France.

The personal inscription on his grave reads:

“FATHER IN THY GRACIOUS
KEEPING
LEAVE WE NOW OUR DEAR ONE
SLEEPING”

William is also mentioned on the family grave in the  (Old) Esker Cemetery:

“…and her brother
William
Killed in action in France
28th Jany 1917, aged 29.
Also their father
John Phillips…”

The Phillips family remained in Gardenville House until the late 1950s, when the house was sold to the Patrick and Pearl Cully. 

Records seem to differ as to whether William Phillips served with the 6^th or 9^th Battalion Black Watch. Some Commonwealth War Graves Commission records state the 6^th Battalion, though this is not stated on his actual grave. Whereas the Kilkenny Journal article and a family photograph which was posted on the Royal Dublin Fusiliers Association Facebook page, both state the 9^th Battalion. Ireland’s War Memorial Records 1914-1918 makes no mention of his battalion. However, looking through the Battalion war diaries of both the 6^th Battalion Black Watch and 9^th Battalion Black Watch, it would appear William was with the 9^th Battalion, as the 6th Battalion Black Watch was in a training camp for the month of January 1917, with a football match taking place on the day William was killed. Whereas the 9^th Battalion Black Watch were in the front lines, under heavy enemy artillery on the day William was killed. 

Death of William Phillips, Kilkenny Journal 17th February 1917. Photograph: Mark Barrett “Corporal W. Phillips, 9^th Black Watch. Much sympathy will be felt with Mrs. Frank McCullagh, Kilkenny, on the death of her brother, Corporal W. Phillips, eldest son of Head Constable and Mrs Phillips, Lucan, Co. Dublin, who was killed in action in France on the 28^th January. Shortly after the outbreak of war Mr. Phillips, who had been for eight years a Civil Servant in the Irish Land Commission, volunteered for active service, and with several of his companions in the same department joined the 9^th Battalion of the famous Black Watch Regiment. In a letter offering his sincere sympathy to Mrs. Phillips, and the deceased’s commanding officer pays a high tribute to Corporal Phillips, and expresses the keen regret of both officers and men at the loss of such a loyal comrade. His end came about mid-day at one of the most advanced outposts, where he was doing duty. He was lying down enjoying a short rest when a German aerial dart landed in the trench and exploded just beside his head, killing him instantaneously. He was buried the same night about four hundred yards behind the front line. Rev. H. J. Collins, Chaplain to the Battalion, writes:- “He was a brave soldier and a true gentleman, and a great favourite of both officers and men. We are all proud to have known him. He has made the great sacrifice, he has given his brave life for a good and noble cause, and is now, we can be sure, enjoying the reward of his heroic deeds”. Corporal Phillips’ younger brother is at present in France with the Commercial Battalion of the Dublin Fusiliers.” Source: Mark Barrett (Facebook).

William Phillips picture in the paper.  “Corporal William Phillips, Black Watch, killed in action, was the son of Head Constable and Mrs. Phillips, Lucan, Co. Dublin” Source: Aidan Kavanagh (Facebook).

William on Left, photographed at the rear of Lucan R.I.C. Barracks (His Brother Robert on right). Their father was Head Constable of Lucan barrack. Source: Sean Ryan (Facebook).

Posthumous certificate of service issued by the Recruiting Authorities in Ireland, listing William’s military career. “THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT William Phillips OF Lucan ENTERED ON ACTIVE SERVICE TO DEFEND THE LIBERTY OF HIS COUNTRY ON 8^th January 1916 Private – 6B Black Watch Promoted Lance Corporal Jany 1916 Corporal 1916 Killed in Action at the Somme – France – 28^th January 1917. ISSUED BY THE RECRUITING AUTHORITIES IN IRELAND.” Source: Imperial War Museum.

Excerpt from the 9th Battalion Black Watch Battalion War Diary, placing them in the front lines, under heavy enemy artillery on the day William was killed. Source: National Archives. Kew.

William Phillips. Source: Imperial War Museum.

William Centre, Second Row, Photo Taken in Scotland. Source: Imperial War Museum.

Robert Phillips at his brother’s grave, taken shortly after the war ended. Source: Mark Barrett (Facebook).

William’s grave. Source: Imperial War Museum.

The Phillips family grave in the protestant section of the (Old) New Esker Cemetery bears the following inscription “William is also mentioned on the family grave in (Old) Esker Cemetery: William is also mentioned on the family grave in (Old) Esker Cemetery: “…and her brother William Killed in action in France 28th Jany 1917, aged 29. Also their father John Phillips…” Source: Jonathan Cully.

Gardenville House (Then referred to as “Garden House”) on the corner of Primrose Lane, former home of the Phillips family. Source: Jonathan Cully.

Lieutenant John Hamilton Montford Redding

Royal Munster Fusiliers, Attd. 1^st Garrison Battalion Royal Irish Regiment. 

Died 2^nd March 1917.

John Hamilton Montford Redding was born in 28 Harcourt St, on 10^th June 1897. Son of Church of Ireland Clergyman Richard Bluson Redding and Jane Montford Reid. John’s parents were married in Killarney on 8^th October 1896. John’s father, Richard was originally from Co. Donegal. 

In the 1901 Census, three-year-old, John Hamilton Montford Redding can be found living in House 91 in Lucan Petty Common. Father, Richard Bluson Redding (Curate of Castleknock and Clonsilla and Master of Arts of Trinity College Dublin, 30), mother, Jane Montford (40), sister, Alice Margaret (2), nurse, Elizabeth Miller (19), and servant, Julia Whelan (38) are also present.

In the 1911 Census, 13-year-old John Hamilton Montford Redding can be found living in House 6, Albert Terrace (Clontarf East, Dublin). Mother, Jane Montford (51), now a widow whose Income derived from Dividends, and sister, Alice Margaret (12), are also present. In September of that same year, John enrolled in Campbell College, Belfast. 

On the outbreak of war, John initially enlisted with the 7^th (Service) Battalion, The Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians). His service number with the regiment being 1453. On 1^st October, John Hamilton Montford Redding, appeared in the London Gazette when his commission as a 2^nd Lieutenant with the Royal Munster Fusiliers was confirmed. He would later appear in the 1915 Army Lists, with a commission date of 29^th December 1914. John’s Medal Index Card indicates that he entered Gallipoli on 24^th September 1915.

The Cambellian Society recorded the following information on John Hamilton Montford Redding in “The Men Behind the Glass” project of preservation: 

“John’s mother was notified of his ‘accidental’ death on the 13th of March 1917. It is reported that he was “found dead in his quarters at Water Dump ‘A’ between Kharga and Dakhla, as result of bullet wound in the head”. The inquest held at Sherika (Kharga Oasis) concluded that the death was ‘self-inflicted’. John is buried at Cairo War Memorial Cemetery Egypt”.

Kharga and Dakhla were oases located in the Libyan Desert, as such they would have been valuable strategic positions. From November 1915 to February 1917 the British and Italians were engaged in the Senussi Campaign in North Africa. The Senussi were a religious and political order of nomads from Libya and the Sudan, who were encouraged by the Ottoman Empire to declare a jihad on British occupied Egypt, with the hope of creating an uprising in Egypt against British rule, and thus diverting British troops from the Suez Canal. During the campaign both sides would set up outposts at the oases. 

As he took his own life, John Hamilton Montford Redding’s entry in Ireland’s Memorial Records 1914-1918 merely states that he ‘died’ and does not list the place of death as would normally be the case for casualties. Usually, period Honour Rolls tended to omit casualties from suicide. 

Unfortunately, the stress of war and “Shell Shock” led many soldiers to take their own lives, both during and after the war. Particularly as Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was only starting to be recognised at the time. Countless numbers of men would never be able to overcome the horror of what they endured between 1914-1918, and very few would receive help for mental illnesses post war. Even to this day suicide among ex-British service personnel remains high, with one ex-soldier committing suicide every six days in Scotland. The Gallipoli campaign had a particularly high casualty rate, with the campaign ultimately being ended in favour of operations in Salonika.

John Hamilton Montford Redding’s experiences in the Gallipoli campaign, coupled with the stress of leadership, may have contributed to his suicide. The National Archives, Kew, have additional records for John Hamilton Montford Redding, which may shed more light on his service and death, however, they have yet to be digitised. They are currently only available to view in person at the archives.

Lieutenant John Hamilton Montford Redding was 19 years old at the time of his death. Originally buried in the Minia War Memorial Cemetery, he was exhumed and reburied in the Cairo War Memorial Cemetery on 30^th April 1960. This can be seen on Commonwealth War Graves Commission documents, where his name has been added to the Cairo Index, and his burial plot number has been amended on the Minia Index. John Hamilton Montford Redding is buried in the Cairo War Memorial Cemetery, plot: H. 56., Egypt.

John Hamilton Montford Redding in the uniform of a Lieutenant with the Royal Munster Fusiliers. Source: Campbell College, The Men Behind the Glass.

John Hamilton Montford Redding’s Grave in Egypt Source: Irish Military War Graves & Memorials (Facebook).

Private Michael Nolan

66432, 17^th Casualty Clearing Station, Royal Army Medical Corps.

Died 1^st April 1917.

The Irish Memorial Records 1914-1918 record the details of:

“NOLAN, MICHAEL. Reg. No. 66432.
Rank, Private, Royal Army Medical Corps ;
Died, France, April 1, 1917;
Born, Luton Town, Co. Dublin.”

Michael Nolan was born in Lucan in 1891. Son of Laurence Nolan and Margaret Maxwell. Michael’s parents were married in Lucan on 22^nd July 1888. 

Michael Nolan enlisted with Royal Army Medical Corps, in Southampton, on 7^th September 1915. He was twenty-four at the time of his enlistment and gave his profession as “Attendant”. Interestingly, his attestation papers give his home address as “Luton”, Co. Dublin.

As the attestation paper were filled out by a recruitment officer, it appears that the enunciation of Michael’s hometown was misinterpreted. Another example of this happening with other Lucanians, is with John Charles Locke, whose Canadian attestation papers repeatedly give his father’s address as “Lukin” Co. Dublin; and Samuel Torton Wills, of Esker House, whose Red Cross Prisoner of War files note his mother’s address as Esker House, “Lugan”, Co. Dublin. An English recruitment officer would have little or no knowledge of the geography of Dublin, save that they may have been familiar with Lord Lucan and the infamous charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. 

Michael’s Father, “L Nolan, Luton Town, Co Dublin” is listed as next of Kin. Michael Nolan’s service papers later list Laurence Nolan of Main St. Lucan (spelled correctly) as his father. They also note that his mother, Margaret, was deceased, and that his three sisters, Mary Ellen, Rebecca, and Catherine Nolan, later had an address of 193 Harral Avenue, Bridge Port, Com, U.S.A.

Not long after his enlistment, Michael Nolan, received a write-up on his Regimental Conduct Sheet for a string of offences caused “Whilst on Active Service” on 28^th September 1915.

(1) Absent from Stable Picquet from 7.30pm to 9.10pm.

(2) Striking a comrade whilst in the execution of his duty.

(3) Breaking out of arrest.

For his misconduct, Michael, was punished with 28 days detention. He returned to duty on 28^th October 1915. Not long after this incident, Michael Nolan embarked for France from Southampton on 16^th November 1915, with the 101^st Field Ambulance of the Army Medical Corps. He disembarked at Harve, France on 18^th November 1915.

On 3^rd October 1916, Michael Nolan was transferred to the No. 17 Casualty Clearing Station. The casualty clearing stations would have been located behind the front lines; further back than first aid posts. The main task of the casualty clearing stations was to triage wounded soldiers; either clearing them to return to the front lines, or arranging for them to be sent back further behind the lines to a base hospital, where they could receive more specialist care. As such the clearing stations were only a temporary stop-off point for the wounded soldiers who attended them.

The No. 17 Casualty Clearing Station was located at Remy Siding at Lijssenthoek, Belgium, at the time of Michael’s arrival to the Western front. It would remain there until 2^nd April 1918. It would appear from Michael’s service papers that he was admitted to the No. 17 Casualty Clearing Station himself, on 29^th March 1917.

Michael Nolan later died on 1^st April 1917, in No. 7 General Hospital. St. Omer, from Cerebrospinal Fever. Cerebrospinal Fever was an acute infectious disease, caused by Neisseria Meningitidis. His service papers noted:

“(Disease contracted whilst on active services with B. E. F. France)”

Michael’s service papers listed the personal effects he had with him at the time of his death:

1 Crucifix. 
1 Metal ring. 
A bundle of letters and photographs. 
1 Watch (broken).
1 Metal cigarette case
2 Crucifixs. 
2 Rosaries. 
1 Pipe lighter (part of).
1 Pair of Numerals.
1 Disc.
2 Coins.
1 Badge.
1 Purse.
1 Pair of scissors.

Both Michael’s Medal Index Card and his mention in Ireland’s Memorial Records 1914-18, note that he “died” on the 1^st of April 1917. The wording used to describe the manner of a soldier’s death can often be very revealing. “Killed in action” denotes that a soldier died on the battlefield; “died of wounds” denotes that a soldier lived long enough to receive treatment off the battlefield; “killed as a result of enemy action” denotes that a soldier was killed off the battlefield (in the areas behind the lines). “Died” however, can sometimes hint that a soldier died from illness, natural causes, or suicide.

Michael Nolan is buried in Longuenesse (St. Omer) Souvenir Cemetery, plot IV. B. 46., France.

This cemetery, located beside the hospital where he died, is 42km away from the location of the 17^th Casualty Clearing Station in Lijssenthoek, Belgium.

The personal effects on Michael Nolan at the time of his death. Source: Fold3.

Private Matthew Dempsey

6/13471, 6th Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers,
Attd. 1st Area Employment Bn. Labour Corps.

Died 6^th April 1917.

Matthew Dempsey was born in the 1880’s, son of Edward and Mary Dempsey of Lucan.

Unfortunately, I have not been able to turn up much for Matthew’s early life, despite Dempsey being a common name in the Lucan area. In 1895 an Edward Dempsey applied for a dog licence in Lucan. Matthew’s brother, Joseph Dempsey, with an address of Vesey Terrace, Lucan, applied for a Dependent’s Pension after his brother’s death. This application appears to have been rejected.

In the 1901 Census a 14-year-old Matthew Dempsey appears in Lucan Petty Common. Aunt and Head of House, Jane Dempsey (Shopkeeper, 54), her brother, Brian (Master Boot Maker, 50), Matthew’s brother, Joseph (Boot Maker, 20), and Lodger, Mary White (Winder in Tweed Factory, 20) are also present. The same Matthew Dempsey and brother Joseph appear in Lucan in the 1911 Census. Matthew aged twenty-four has no given occupation. Aunt, Jane (66), her brother, Brian (Boot and Shoemaker, 62), and Matthew’s brother, Joseph (Boot and Shoemaker, 30), are also present. Both the 1901 and 1911 censuses give this Matthew Dempsey an date of birth in 1887, which is at odds with Commonwealth War Graves Commission records, which give a date- of birth of 1880.

Matthew Dempsey entered front line service with the 6^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers in the Balkans (Gallipoli) on 7^th August 1915.

There seems to be a bit of confusion over the date of his death, with some sources (Commonwealth War Graves Commission) stating a date of 20^th November 1916, while others (some Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Irish Memorial Records, Medal Index Card, and Matthew’s Dependent’s Pension Card) state a date of 6^th April 1917. His grave inscription details would appear to state the earlier of the two dates. Though this is not necessarily the correct date, as handwriting on the war records could often be misread, even then, particularly by the stone mason hired to engrave the headstone.

According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Matthew Dempsey was with the 1^st Area Employment Bn. Labour Corps at the time of his death. This could indicate that he was either wounded/injured, fell ill, or otherwise considered unfit for front line service. Many of Lucan’s surviving First World War veterans can be seen serving with the Labour Corps and Army Service Corps by the end of the war; having been transferred out of their original regiments as unfit for front line service. The Labour Corps would have provided vital construction, maintenance, and repair duties, in the areas immediately behind the front lines.

Matthew’s Dependent’s Pension Card notes his cause of death as “Heart Failure & Brights Disease”. Brights disease was a name for what is now known as acute nephritis, an inflammation of the Kidneys, which was usually accompanied by high blood pressure and heart disease.  During the First World War a new form of nephritis, known as trench nephritis, or war nephritis, emerged among soldiers in the trenches, causing at least 35,000 British casualties during the war, including hundreds of deaths. It was afterwards determined that the new disease may have been caused by rodent-spread hantavirus.

According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Matthew was thirty-six at the time of his death. He is buried in Mikra British Cemetery, Kalamaria, plot 1700. Greece.

Grave of Matthew Dempsey, Mikra British Cemetery. Source: Imperial War Museum. Source: Find A Grave. Author: jj83.

Lance Corporal Owen McEntee

7790, 2^nd Battalion, Connaught Rangers.

Died 29^th April 1917

Owen McEntee was born at Sallins Road, Naas, on 15^th February 1883. Son of Shoemaker, Patrick McEntee, and Mary Byrne. His parents were married in Kill, on 10^th June 1865. Owen’s father, Patrick, died in Naas Workhouse on 2^nd June 1897. His death register records him as a widower, making Owen an orphan at the age of 14.

In the 1901 census, 17-year-old Owen is recorded in Lucan, living with his uncle, John Byrne (60), a Royal Irish Constabulary pensioner. Owen’s occupation is recorded as a Groom. In the 1911 Census, 26-year-old Owen is listed as a boarder in the home of boot top cutter, Joseph Mahon (27), in Coombe (Merchant’s Quay, Dublin). 

Owen’s service number places his enlistment with the 2^nd Battalion Connaught Rangers sometime between 6^th February 1903 and 17^th February 1904. Between 1903 and 1908, the 2^nd Battalion Connaught Rangers were stationed in Ahmednagar and Poona, India; after which it returned to Tipperary. If Owen McEntee enlisted on “short service”, he would have served 3 years with the Colours (his regiment) and 9 years thereafter with the Reserves, to be called up if needed. It is likely that Owen McEntee was a reservist on the out-break the First World War, as his address is recorded as being 1 Cambray Cottages, Vernon Place, Bath Road, Cheltenham, England, where he lived with his “Unmarried Wife” Vera Lacey.

The 2^nd Battalion Connaught Rangers received orders for mobilisation at 3 p.m. on August 4^th, 1914, while stationed in Aldershot, England. As a reservist Owen McEntee would have been re-called to serve. The following 10 days were spent carrying out preparations for mobilisation before embarking for France on board the S.S. Herschal and S.S. Seahound on 13^th August. The 2^nd Battalion would disembark at Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, the following day on 14^th August. As a professional pre-war soldier Owen McEntee would have been an “Old Contemptible”, so called because the Kaiser later referred to them as “Sir John French’s contemptible little army”. He also would have also been entitled to the 1914 “Mons Star” medal. The 2^nd Battalion left Boulogne by train, and afterwards on foot, for Bougnies, Belgium on the 16^th. By 23^rd August the Battalion reached Bougnies, and soon after moved to a position which was “entrenched after hard work all night”. At dawn on the 24^th, the Battalion was attacked and came under heavy artillery fire. The Connaught Rangers managed to hold position until noon, before being compelled to carry out an orderly retreat to La Dessous, under heavy enemy artillery fire. 

On 25^th August, the 2^nd Battalion rejoined an entrenched 5th Infantry Brigade at Pont Sur Sambre, where they were relieved by French troops. On the 26^th, with the German army making headway, the 2^nd Battalion Connaught Rangers were tasked with forming a rearguard to cover the 5^th Infantry Brigade as it retreated from Petit Landrecies. This occurred without incident until 3.15 p.m., when rifle fire was heard and a patrol of French cavalry galloped up the Battalions newly entrenched position with word that 200 of the enemy, armed with machine guns, were “quite close”. Two platoons were immediately sent out in the direction of Marbaix, but after just 600 yards came under heavy enemy artillery and machine gun fire. The remaining platoons of the Battalion were then ordered to push through to a better firing position on nearby high ground. The labyrinth of high hedges and the closeness of the countryside proved difficult for inter-communication within the Battalion, and companies and platoons became mixed up. Nonetheless, the Battalion pushed forward under heavy fire to try and find the enemy. After an hour firing ceased, but communication couldn’t be made with the Brigade headquarters, and orders were eventually given to withdraw with as many men as could be found. The machine gun section and around a hundred men remained in position until 6 p.m. before leaving in the direction of Le Grand Fayt, in the belief that the Brigade Headquarters was still there. On arrival a local man informed them that the British had since left, but that there were no enemy about. When passing through the village, however, the Battalion came under heavy rifle fire from Germans concealed in the houses. The men of the Connaught Rangers took what cover they could but were soon ordered to retire through the adjoining fields. The 2^nd Battalion Connaught Rangers Battalion War Diary records:

“This order was carried out under a heavy fire from front + flanks, in as good order as was possible under such conditions. It is feared that the majority of the officers + men who escaped with this party must have fallen into the hands of another German party, as up to date, 6 officers + 280 are still missing from this days operations.”

The entry ends with the officer commending the men for their coolness. The 2^nd Battalion Connaught Rangers continued their rearguard action in early September 1914. The war at this stage was still mobile, with fighting taking place over a fluid front line. The Battalion had a series of brief engagements with the enemy, who in some cases was halted or forced to retire. By October the battalion was engaged in the fighting around Ypres. 

On Friday 9^th October 1914, both the Daily Citizen (Manchester) and the Sheffield Daily Telegraph reported Owen McEntee as “Missing” in their respective casualty lists. Days or even weeks could have passed before this information would have been published in the papers back home. The above account is the only instance of men from the Battalion being recorded missing in the Battalion war diaries prior to Owen McEntee being reported as such in the casualty lists of 9^th October. The 2^nd Battalion Connaught Rangers sustained extremely heavy casualties throughout the first months of the war, resulting in the Battalion being disbanded, with its remaining men being absorbed into the 1^st Battalion Connaught Rangers on 26^th November 1914.

Sheffield Daily Telegraph, Friday 9th October 1914. Lance Corporal Owen McEntee appears in long list of men missing from the Connaught Rangers. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Daily Citizen (Manchester), Friday 9th October 1914. Lance Corporal Owen McEntee appears in long list of men missing from the Connaught Rangers. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

International Committee of the Red Cross records show that Owen McEntee was taken prisoner at “Marbeuge”, France, on 26^th August 1914. Initially held in P.O.W. camps in Giessen and Limburg, later Red Cross records show that Owen McEntee, (recorded as a PE teacher), died in Münster, Germany, on the 29^th of April 1917, after having spent over a year in captivity. Owen McEntee’s Dependents Pension Card records that he was “Shot while P of W” The circumstances of his shooting remain to be discovered. On the 6^th of April 1915 the War Office Weekly Casualty List announced that Owen McEntee was among those “Previously reported missing, now reported prisoners of war.” Seven months after his death in April 1917 it was officially announced in the War Office Weekly Casualty List No.5431 that Owen McEntee was “Previously missing, now reported died as prisoner of war in German hands.”

International Committee of the Red Cross Record P.A. 10786, showing that Corporal Owen McEntee’s name was erroneously recorded as “McEnter”. The document shows that Owen McEntee of “D” Company, 2 Conn. Rangers was captured at Marbeuge on 26^th August 1914, moving to the POW camp at Giessen from Limburg. His next of kin is recorded as “Miss McEnter, Ridgway House, Philadelphia, U.S.A.”. Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

International Committee of the Red Cross record P.A. 15076 “Totenliste”, recording the death of Lance Corporal Owen McEntee in Munster, Germany, on 29th April 1917. “Mc. Entee, Owen Krgs.Gef. – Turnlehrer [P.E. teacher], Wohnort: [address] Cheltenham, geb. [born] zu Nees, Jrland verat. [date of death] 29.4.17 zu Münster Oberlahnkreis. – Aktz. 1545/W.” Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

Owen McEntee’s Dependents Pension Card, recoding his date and cause of death as “29.4.17. Shot while P of W”. Source: Fold3.

“WAR OFFICE WEEKLY CASUALTY LIST, DECEMBER 4th, 1917. Daily List of December 1st (Contd.’)
PART V. W.O.’s, N.C.O.’s, AND MEN (Contd.). Previously missing, now re-ported DIED AS PRISONERS OF WAR IN GERMAN HANDS (Contd.). CONNAUGHT RANGERS.—McEntee 7790 O.(Cheltenham).” Source: Fold3.

The maltreatment of prisoners of war by their German captors is well documented, with thousands of prisoners of war dying in captivity. During the day, prisoners were used for manual labour on nearby railways, or for digging graves and trenches behind the front lines (where they often fell victim to friendly artillery fire), working long 12-hour days. Further behind the lines they were forced to work in the fields, replacing the German farmers who had been sent to fight on the front lines. Prisoner diet was poor, with the sporadic provision meals leading to malnutrition and starvation. Within camps conditions were cramped, with bunks stacked three tiers high, with two men sleeping on palliases stuffed with wood shavings on each tier. Dysentery and influenza were rampant among the malnourished prisoners, those too sick to move or work were often beaten with rifles and refused medical care. In Jeumont Camp, where local, Joseph Culley, was interred, fourteen men died of influenza on one day alone; “Spanish ‘flu”, though unreported, was ripping through the front lines.

The son of a Lucan man who was taken prisoner during the First World War recalled that his father was beaten after being taken prisoner, because he had the badge of trench mortar specialist on his sleeve. He then endured months of brutal captivity, being forced to pick potatoes; guards constantly watching in case the prisoners dared to eat any. Local German women, however, took pity on the poorly clothed prisoners, knitting them mittens, which they hid from the guards by caking their hands in mud. He recounted that the trauma of those taken prisoner was life long, recollecting a friend of his father, a man originally from Stacumny, who was taken prisoner only four days after his arrival in France, in August 1914. This man’s experiences in captivity lead to severe Post Traumatic Stress, which sadly ended in suicide, when the veteran drown himself in just 18 inches of water along the canal in 1963; his death register noting that the “balance of his mind was disturbed”. 

Owen McEntee was originally buried in a cemetery in Münster, Germany. In the years following the war, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission exhumed prisoners of war burials scattered throughout Germany for re-burial in four large collective cemeteries. Lance Corporal Owen McEntee is now buried in Niederzwehren Cemetery, Kassel, Germany. Plot III. J. 1.

Private Thomas Nolan

9607, 1^st Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment.

Died 23^rd June 1917.

Thomas Nowlan was born in Leixlip on 22^nd April 1890. Son of Labourer, Patrick Nowlan and Ellen Conway. On Thomas’s baptism record the family name is spelled Nolan, dropping the “W” that appears on his birth register. His home address is also listed as Cooldrinagh. At the birth of Thomas’s older brother, Edward, in Lucan, in 1888, the family was also noted as living in “Cooldrina”. By the birth of younger sister, Nellie Nolan, in 1894, the family had moved to Liffey Street, Inchicore, Dublin.

In the 1901 Census the family are still living on Liffey Street, Inchicore. Thomas Nolan was ten years old at the time. Father, Patrick (40, Boiler Maker Helper), mother, Ellen (40, Keeps House), and siblings, Edward (12), Nannie (8), Ellen (6), Mary (4), and Patrick (1 month), are also present.

Thomas Nolan’s service number, 9607, indicates that he enlisted with the 1st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment between 1908 and 1909, when he was around 18 years old.

In the 1911 Census the Family can be found living in the same area, on Park Street. Thomas, now twenty, is listed as “serving in the 18^th Royal Army Irish”, the 18^th Regiment being the Royal Irish Regiment. As he is recorded on the census, he must have either been home on leave, or recorded in absentia. Also present are his father, Patrick (Labourer Railway works Inchicore), Mother, Ellen (49), and siblings, Edward (22, Boilermaker), Ellen (17, Not employed), Mary (14, Domestic Servant in service at No.22 Long Wood Avenue South Circular Road Dublin), and Patrick (10).

In 1912 the 1^st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment was stationed in Nasirabad, remaining there until the outbreak of the First World War. The regiment then returned to the UK, disembarking at Devonport on the 18^th of November 1914. In December 1914, the 1^st Battalion arrived in Le Harve, France. This is evident on Thomas Nolan’s Medal Index Card, which states that he arrived in France on the 19^th of December 1914, and thus qualified for the 1914-15 Star Medal. In France, the 1^st Royal Irish Regiment would have taken part in St. Eloi and the Second Battle of Ypres. 

Hospital Admission records show that Thomas Nolan was admitted to hospital with Bronchitis on 25th January 1915, after having spent five weeks in the field. He was discharged to a convalescent camp nine days later on the 2nd February 1915.

On the 28^th of November 1915, the 1^st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment disembarked from Marseilles, France at 11.30pm, for Salonika, Greece. Thereafter the regiment would be destined for the front lines in the Balkans.  Between the 30^th of September and 2^nd October 1916, the 1^st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment took part in the capture of Karajakois, and immediately after that the capture of Yenikoi, on 3^rd and 4^th October 1916; fellow Lucanian, Joseph Culley, of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, was wounded during this same battle. On 17^th November and 6^th-7^th December the 1^st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment took part in the Battle of Tumbitza Farm. 

Exposure to the elements and disease were the greatest threats faced by soldiers on the Macedonian front during the First World War; with more men falling victim to disease and illness than to enemy activity. In winter, many men suffered terribly from frostbite, due to freezing temperatures (initially exasperated by a lack of appropriate winter clothing), while in the hotter summer months, the men then succumbed to the soaring temperatures. The extreme climate and terrain of the Struma Valley created the perfect breeding grounds for mosquitoes and, inevitably, the spread of malaria. Throughout the sweltering summer months swarming mosquitoes became so unbearable within the valley, that both sides would retreat out of the valley, to the cooler foothills above. 

Thomas Nolan’s Medal Index Card, the Irish Great War Dead Archive, and Ireland’s Memorial Records 1914-1918, all note that Thomas Nolan “Died” on 23^rd June 1917. The Irish Great War Dead Archive, and Ireland’s Memorial Records 1914-1918, specifically note that Thomas Nolan died in Salonika. Salonika was used as a base for the Allied operations against the Bulgarians, as such it would have been a centre of troop movement, supply storage, and the location of base hospitals. It is possible that Thomas died from illness, as records do not specify that he died of wounds. He was 27 years old at the time of his death.

Thomas Nolan is buried in Lahana Military Cemetery, plot II. D. 3., Greece. The personal inscription on his grave reads:

“THE FAIREST FLOWER
WAS FIRST TO FAIL
THE SWEETEST FIRST TO DIE”

Photograph of Thomas Nolan’s Grave. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Thanos Foteinos.

Guardsman Hubert Victor Thornton Wyon

25499, 4^th Battalion, Grenadier Guards.

Died 31^st July 1917.

Hubert Victor Thornton Wyon was born in Lucan on 24^th February 1898. Son of Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert Thornton Wyon of the Army Ordnance Department and Héléne Brown.

Hubert’s father, Herbert Thornton Wyon was born in London, in 1853. He passed the Preliminary Examination for situations in the Civil Services, Class I, in February 1871. On 13^th June 1874, Herbert was promoted to Assistant-Commissary. He was made Deputy-Assistant Commissary-General of Ordnance on 31^st March 1880. He received the honorary rank of Captain on 20^th February 1885 and later the honorary rank of Major in 1890. In 1894 as Assistant Commissary-General of Ordnance, he was stationed in Halifax, Nova Scotia. By the birth of his son, Hubert, in Lucan, in 1898, he was Lieutenant-Colonel. Father Herbert Thornton Wyon died in Belgium in 1919.

Hubert had at least two siblings, a brother, Melvill Walter Herbert Wyon born 1883, and a sister, Ethel Zoe Wyon, born 1882. Melville appears on the electoral roll of 1914 living in 37 Waterloo Road, Pembroke West, and would later serve as a Temporary 2^nd Lt. with the South Staffordshire Regiment, being wounded in 1918.

There is no record of Hubert Victor Wyon in either the 1901 or the 1911 Census. However, his father appears in the 1901 Census of England, as a retired “Colonel Army Orde Dept”, age 48, with an address of Hazelwood Hydropathic, Grange, Ulverston, Lancashire, England. I wonder if he was in Lucan at the birth of his son Hubert for the Lucan Spa water. 

According to the Irish Great War Dead Archive, Hubert Victor Wyon enlisted with Grenadier Guards in London. His service number, 25499, indicates that he enlisted with the Grenadier Guards between 8^th February 1916 and 3^rd March 1916. This is corroborated by his Medal Index Card, which shows that he is not entitled to the 1914-15 Star Medal. 

On Friday 27^th July 1917, the 4^th Battalion Grenadier Guards War Diary notes that the Battalion received “Order 135”, its orders and objectives for the upcoming offensive on 31^st July. This offensive would later become known as the Third Battle of Ypres, or more infamously as Passchendaele.  “Order 135” stated that the division would attack the enemy on “Z” day. The Battalion was to advance from the 2^nd Objective (Black Line) at “Zero” + 3 hours and attack the 3^rd Objective (Green Line).

The 4^th Battalion Grenadier Guards War Diary states in an after-battle report entitled “Precis of Fighting on 31st July/1st August. 1917,” that the battalion left the FOREST Bivouac area at 9 p.m. on the night of 30^th July 1917, marching out to the time of drums playing the regimental march. Heavy shelling was reported on the front lines.

By 1.30a.m. on the morning of 31st July all companies of the 4th Battalion had reached their “forming up areas disposed as follows: –

(a) Nos. 1 and 4 Companies with 2 Mopping Up platoons [from] No. 2 Coy. were assembled in the front line and “S” line.

(b) No. 2 Coy. (less 2 platoons) with one platoon and 4 Lewis Guns No. 3 Coy. assembled in the open, between the “X” and “Y” lines

(c) Battalion Forward Command Party – Front line.”

The Battalion had breakfast served at 3a.m., at which point rum and tea were also issued to the men. At 3.50a.m. (Zero hour) a barrage opened along the whole front south of the Guards Division. At 4.28a.m. the British artillery bombardment began to creep forwards. Nos. 1 and 4 companies, followed by the battalion forward command Party and No. 2 Company then started to advance across the open in artillery formation.

The left of No. 4 Company came under heavy enemy shell fire as it crossed the canal, resulting in several of the platoons becoming disoriented. Enemy machine gun fire and artillery then became increasingly heavy. It was noted that many of the advancing men had difficulty finding their bearings as they crossed under the heavy fire. Confusing the few remaining landmarks of the Ypres landscape, which had been obliterated by weeks of devastating artillery bombardments, the men of the 4^th Battalion had to rely on their compasses to navigate the battered terrain.

Under the cover of a smoke screen the 4^th battalion moved forward, taking up position on the Black Line, which had been captured by the advance ahead of them. Enemy shell fire and machine gun fire started to die down.

At 7.14a.m. the 4^th Battalion Grenadier Guards launched their attack to take the 3^rd Objective (the Green Line). The battle report notes that “The creeping barrage was perfect, and the shrapnel hitting the ground made a clean cut line straight across the front”. The battalion came under a considerable amount of machine gun fire from concrete emplacements in ABRI WOOD and enfilade fire from the right. The concrete emplacements were bypassed and German soldiers occupying the dugouts quickly surrendered, with few dugouts resisting the advancing battalion. At 8.23a.m. the 4^th Grenadier Guards had reached their objective.

By 10.45a.m. it was noted in a report back to the 3^rd Guards Brigade that the 4^th Battalion Grenadier Guards had secured the Green Line, with two companies, each over one hundred strong, in the front trench systems and shell holes. Casualties were reported to be low and about one hundred prisoners were reported to have been taken. In the two hours following the capture of the Green Line, only moderate enemy shell fire, machine gun fire, and sniping activity was reported. The enemy attempted to counterattack but was dispersed by British Artillery fire. 

Punctually at 0+5 hours, the Coldstream Guards leapfrogged passed the 4^th Grenadier Guards to attack the next objective, the “Dotted” Green Line. By 4.40p.m. the 4^th Grenadier Guards had received orders to take full control over the Green Line; relieving the 2^nd Battalion Scottish Guards from the front. At 9.15p.m. artillery from both sides became heavy, quietening down after an hour. Heavy rain began to fall in the afternoon and would continue throughout the day of 1^st August. The heavy rain quickly caused conditions on battlefield and in the trenches to deteriorate into a quagmire of mud. 

On the evening of the 1^st of August 1917, the 4^th Grenadier Guards were relieved from the front by the 3^rd Battalion Coldstream Guards. The battalion returned to the FOREST area Bivouac camp No. 4, arriving at 2a.m. in the morning of 2^nd August 1917.

Private Hubert Victor Thornton Wyon, however, was recorded as being “killed in Action” in an appendix of the 4^th Battalion Grenadier Guards War Diary, which listed “Battle Casualties, July 31ST/August 1ST. 1917.”

Appendix from the 4th Battalion Grenadier Guards War Diary, listing the men of the 4th Grenadier Guards killed in action on the 31st and 1st August 1917. Private Hubert Victor Wyon is listed among them. Source: National Archives, Kew.

This date of death conflicts with the official date of death found on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission website for Hubert Victor Wyon, which is noted as being 2^nd August 1917. A quick search of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission website for some of the other men recorded in the 4^th Battalion War Diary as killed in action on 31^st July /1^st August 1917, resulted in the same discrepancy. 

Hubert Victor Thornton Wyon also appears in Red Cross record “A38849” dated 13/06/1918, with the following note:

Red Cross record A38849 notes that Hubert Victor Thornton Wyon was “missing and believed killed on July 31st ’17.” This puts Hubert Victor Wyon’s date of death two days earlier than listed on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

With this evidence from two separate sources, the date of death listed on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission website, 2^nd August, may be incorrect. I have contacted the Commonwealth War Graves Commission with the above information. 

Hubert Victor Wyon’s body was never found, he is commemorated at the Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial, Panel 9 and 11. Belgium.

Due to his surname, Wyon appears as the third last entry in Ireland’s Memorial Records 1914-1918. However, there is a typographical error in the spelling of Lucan, which is listed as “Lucas, Co. Dublin”.

Hubert Victor Wyon appears on Panel 9 and 11 of the Menin Gate Memorial. Information provided on the Find a Grave website notes that Hubert Victor Wyon’s half-brother, Temp. 2^nd Lt. Melvill Walter Thornton Wyon, served with the South Staffordshire Regiment, being wounded in 1918. The London Gazette confirms that Melvill was a Temporary 2^nd Lieutenant and later acting Captain of the Staffordshire Regiment. Source: Find A Grave. Author: International War Graves Photography Project.

Herbert Victor Wyon’s name appears at the end of a list for “Soldiers Balances Undisposed of” in The London Gazette, 30 August 1918. It notes that Herbert Victor Wyon’s next of Kin are entitled to receive £4. 9. 9. Source: The Gazette Official Public Records.

Private John Monaghan

42316, 2^nd Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.

Died 28^th September 1917.

John Monaghan was born 2^nd February 1895, Primrose Lane, Lucan. Son of Peter Monaghan and Jane Grennan.

The Monaghan family could not be found on either the 1901 or 1911 Censuses of Ireland. John’s father, Peter, died from Cancer on 18^th June 1905, in Finnstown, Lucan; mother, Jane, was present at the time of his father’s death. John’s older sister, Elizabeth “Bessey” Monaghan is later listed by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission as living in Esker. 

On the outbreak of war in 1914 John enlisted into the 4^th Remount Service of the Army Service Corps. The Remount Service would have been responsible for the acquisition and re-training of horses for use by the army. John’s service number for the Army Service Corps was R/4 066800 and his date of entry into France is given as the 28^th of April 1915.

Both John’s service number and his date of entry in France are interesting, as at least two other Lucanians seem to have enlisted into the Army Service Corps around the same time. Patrick Carroll, of Primrose Lane, enlisted into the 4^th Remount Service, of the Army Service Corps, service number 67C/R/4/06674, entering France on the 28^th of April 1915. George Abel, also living in Finnstown, enlisted into the Army Service Corps, service number 066615, entering France on 28^th April 1915 also. 

In 1916, recruitment numbers in Ireland started to drop and many of the Irish Regiments struggled to replace losses with new recruits. To counter this, Irish regiments were restructured with men from British regiments transferred in to bring the numbers up. John Monaghan was transferred out of the Army Service Corps and into the 2^nd Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, possibly around the end of 1916 or early/mid-1917.

On 24^th-25^th September 1917, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers War Diary reports that the battalion relieved the 16^th Northumberland Fusiliers in the Right Sub-Section of the LOMBARTZYDE Sector.

Between 25^th and 29^th September, the battalion was relieved from the front by the 2^nd ROYLI. After being relieved the battalion marched to LA PANNE, where they encamped. The Battalion War Diary records “Casualties during tour. Officers wounded 1. Lieut. Acheson. O[Other] Ranks killed 16…” it is likely that John Monaghan was one of the other ranks reported to have been killed during this tour at the front lines. He was killed in action in Belgium, on 28^th September 1917, aged 22yrs. His mother, Jane, appears as beneficiary on his Dependent’s Pension Card, with an address in Somerton, Lucan. 

John Monaghan is buried in Coxyde Military Cemetery, plot IV. D. 2., Belgium. The personal Inscription on his grave reads:

“R.I.P.”

John Monaghan’s Grave, Coxyde Military Cemetery. Source: Find A Grave. Author: International War Graves Photography Project. 

Private James O’Hara

12508, 9^th Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 24^th October 1917.

James O’Hara was born in Lucan on 20^th October 1895, to Labourer John O’Hara and MaryAnne Cullen.

In the 1901 Census, six-year-old James, can be found living in Lucan. Father John (Millers Labourer, 44), mother, Mary Anne (Farm Labourer, 40), and siblings, Richard (Labourer in Tweed Factory, 15), Anne (Scholar, 11), Catherine (Scholar, 10), Elizabeth (Scholar, 7), Mary (3), and Bridget (1), are also present.

In the 1911 Census, he is still living in Lucan, being listed as a general worker. Father John (General Worker, 50), mother, Maryanne (46), and siblings, John (general Worker, 25), Catherine (Wool Weaver, 19), Thomas (General Worker, 19), Elizabeth (Wool Weaver, 17), Mary (Scholar,13), Bridget (Scholar,11), Margaret (Scholar, 9), Christopher (Scholar, 5) and Alice (2), are also present.

James enlisted with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers on 31^st August 1914. Prior to enlistment, he was employed by “Messrs Shackleton Flour Mills Lucan Co.” as a Porter, for two and a half years. James disembarked in France on 19^th December 1915. On arrival he would have been 20 years of age. 

On 12^th August 1916 James O’Hara was recorded in the No. 3 Hospital in Boulogne, suffering from “P.U.O”. or Pyrexia of Unknown Origin. Pyrexia of Unknown Origin is a temperature of 38.3 Degrees Celsius or over for a prolonged period with no identifiable cause. 

His Medal Index Card in the National Archives shows that he was discharged from service in late February 1917 and awarded The Silver War Badge. His service papers give a date of discharge on 24^th February 1917.

The Silver War Badge was awarded who those who had been sent home to recover, or who were honourably discharged, due to wounds or sickness received during active service. It was designed to be worn on civilian clothing to show that the wearer had already rendered service and was therefore not avoiding enlistment. Unfortunately, many men of fighting age found walking the streets of Britain would often be confronted and presented with white feathers, effectively labelling them cowards, and shaming them in public. This practice, however, had adverse consequences, as many underaged men who were confronted felt compelled to then enlist, and many soldiers who had returned, unfit for further service, were insulted.

James was sent home to his father’s address on Adamstown Road, Lucan, where he died on 24^th October 1917, only four days after his 22^nd birthday. The recorded cause of death was valvular heart disease. His sister, Annie Byrne of Weir View, was present when he died. 

Heart disease was the third leading cause for discharge from the British army during the First World War. Some soldiers undoubtedly had underlying heart conditions, which if overlooked on enlistment were to be exasperated by war. For many more soldiers though, “Soldiers Heart” was to be the cause of their apparent heart disease. At first, “Soldiers Heart” was thought to be heart disease, however, it was later discovered to be a separate psychiatric syndrome, brought about by immense and prolonged physical and psychological stress. It caused fatigue upon exertion, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating, and chest pain, among other symptoms. Many men who suffered from “Soldiers Heart” would never be able to work again.

James O’Hara has no recorded Commonwealth War Grave memorial; his name is mentioned in the United Kingdom Book of Remembrance. It is yet to be confirmed if James is buried locally in Lucan.

Notification of discharge due to being no longer physically fit for War Service. Source: Fold3.

Acting Bombardier William Carroll

281256, 19^th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery.

Died 10^th November 1917.

Unfortunately, not much has turn up for William Carroll’s early life. The only pre-war record for a William Carroll from Lucan was a baptism record for a William Carroll born in 1874, son of Peter Carroll and Mary McDonnell, who were married at St. Mary’s Church on 28^th November 1865. As Carroll was a particularly common family name in Lucan, it is difficult to say if this is the same William Carroll. If it is him, he would have been forty-three at the time of his death in 1916.

According to William’s Dependent’s Pension Card his wife’s name was Ethel. William and Ethel Carroll had three children, Evelyn Marian (born 28^th August 1911), Eric Donald (born 22^nd May 1913), and William George (born 27^th October 1915). The Carroll family then had an address of 2 Mission Road, Cobholm, Great Yarmouth.

According to Findmypast and the Great War Dead Archives, William Carroll enlisted at Great Yarmouth, most likely in the pre-war years. He arrived in France after the 1^st of January 1916, as he does not appear to be entitled to a 1914-15 Star medal.

It is possible that he may have been in a Special Reserve of the Royal Garrison Artillery before being transferred to the 19^th Siege Battery. The Siege Batteries of the Royal Garrison Artillery were stationed behind the lines, and would have been armed with heavy howitzer guns, which they would have used to destroy enemy artillery positions, strong points, and supply routes. Though behind the lines, being in the Artillery was a dangerous game of cat and mouse, as artillery fire often attracted counter barrages from enemy artillery.

William Carroll was killed in action on the 10^th of November 1917, the last day of the Second Battle of Passchendaele. He is buried in Cement House Cemetery, plot I. L. 6., Belgium. His name also appears of the Great Yarmouth World War One Memorial.

William Carroll’s name appears as “Carroll W.” on the Great Yarmouth WW1 Memorial in St. George’s Park, Alexandra Rd. Great Yarmouth. Source: Great Yarmouth War Memorial, Roll of Honour.

The Carroll family home, 2 Mission Road, Cobholm, Great Yarmouth. Source: Howard’s Estate Agents.

William Carroll’s grave, Cement House Cemetery, Belgium. Source: Find A Grave. Author: International War Graves Photography Project.

Private John David “Dave” Jackson

25402, 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment.

Died 12^th December 1917.

John David Jackson was born in Lucan on 28^th June 1896, son of tuner (likely for Hill’s Mill) John David Jackson and Nellie Currie. Both of John’s parents were born in Scotland. A Mr. John Jackson appears in Lucan in the 1894 Tom’s Directory.

In the 1901 Census, John, then aged four, and going by his middle name David, can be found living in Lucan. Father, John (Power Loom Turner, 42), mother, Nellie (Housekeeper, 42), and siblings, Bessie (Woollen Weaver, 20), Maggie (Woollen Weaver, 18), Nellie (Woolen Weaver, 15), Walter (scholar, 13, born Co. Dublin), Ruby (Scholar, 10), and Jamie (scholar, 8), are also present. The family’s three eldest children were born in Scotland, with Walter being the first child born in Co. Dublin, Ireland. David is the youngest child.

During the 19^th century, the booming fabrics industry, particularly Hill’s Mill locally, hired Scottish employees, who moved en-mass to Ireland with their families. This influx of Scottish labour led to a dramatic increase in the size of Lucan’s Presbyterian and Methodists congregations, necessitating the construction of the current Presbyterian and Methodist Churches. This in turn made Lucan one of the few villages in Ireland to have established churches for the Roman Catholic, Church of Ireland, Presbyterian, and Methodist faiths.

In 1911, the Jackson family are now found living in Lucan Town. Only 14-year-old David, his parents, John (Turner Master, 52), mother, Nellie (51), and sister, Ruby (Post Office Assistant, 20), are also present. None of David’s other siblings appear living in Lucan.  John David Jackson’s Dependent’s Pension Card shows that the family lived in The Mall, Lucan, however they later moved to Bray in the post war years.

David Jackson originally enlisted with the South Irish Horse Regiment, with service number 1759. The South Irish Horse regiment was a unit of special reserve cavalry; squadrons of which were attached to various formations when needed. Due to the stagnation of defensive warfare along the front lines, however, the men of the South Irish Horse regiment were eventually retrained as infantry soldiers in September of 1917. Their retraining readied them for trench warfare and general day-to-day infantry tasks. The men of the South Irish Horse were then transferred to a newly created battalion, the 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment, which formed part of the 16^th Irish Division. On transferring, David Jackson received a new service number; 25402.

In December of 1917, the 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion were stationed in the trenches in St Emilie, where they carried out maintenance work on the trenches and sent out wiring parties in to no-man’s land. The sector was quite overall, with enemy artillery and wiring parties reported. On the 12^th of December 1917, while making their way to billets, just after being relieved from the front, the 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion were hit by a single enemy shell which caused over sixty casualties.

Tragically, twenty-one of the men were killed, including John David Jackson. A further nine men would later die from their wounds, including fellow Lucanian, If not wounded before, James Kinnear, who died the following day on 13^th December.

John David Jackson is buried in Templeux-le-Guerard British Cemetery, plot II. G. 43. France.

7th Battalion (South Irish Horse) Royal Irish Regiment Battalion War Diary excerpt for 12th December incident. “Battln relieved- in evening by 7/8 R. Innis Fus. Returned to billets at St. Emilie. Billets shelled & 28 men killed & 40 wounded. Capt Vernon & 1 O.R. wounded during relief. Battln moved out of billets & occupied Roadway Cutting”. Source: National Archives, Kew.

John David Jackson is recorded on a Concentration of Graves (Exhumation and Reburials) Burial Return. This indicates that his body was exhumed from his wartime burial and reburied in a communal War Grave post war. All but two other burials belong to 7^th Battalion Royal Irish Regiment casualties from the 12^{th of} December 1917 artillery attack recorded in the Battalion War Diary excerpt above. Source: CWGC.

The grave of John David Jackson. Source: Find a Grave. Author: Ian and Karen’s World War 1 Memorial Page (FB).

Private James Kinnear

25460, 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment.

Died 13^th December 1917.

James Kinnear was born in Leixlip on 20^th November 1874, son of Land Steward David Kinnear and Christina Wilson. Both parents were originally from Scotland. 

James’s older sister Anne was born in St. Catherine’s, and his father is noted as being of St. Catherine’s, Lucan/Leixlip, so it is possible that he was a Land Steward for the grounds of St. Catherine’s itself. On the 3^rd of October 1898, David Kinnear died at St Catherine’s, Leixlip, Co. Kildare in the presence of his son James. A Mr. E. Kinnear also appears in the Thom’s Directory in St. Catherine’s, Lucan between the years 1894 and 1900.

In the 1901 Census, 26-year-old James can be found living in Ellesmere Terrace, Glasnevin, Dublin, with his mother Christina (59) and sister Anne (27). James was then working as a bookkeeper. Interestingly, his mother, Christina, also appears in the 1901 Census in Coldblow, Lucan, visiting her son, David Kinnear, who was a Land Steward boarding with farmer Walter Smith, who like Christina, was originally from Scotland. 

James Kinnear married Sarah Davey in Donnybrook on 15^th April 1902, with James being recorded as presbyterian and Sarah as Methodist. They had four children, John Davey (born 20^th March 1903), Violet (born 20^th January 1905), Elizabeth James (born 29^th April 1907), and Mary (born 18^th June 1910). The family were living at a different address for the birth of each of their children, with James being listed as a bookkeeper on all. 

In the 1911 Census the Kinnear family can be found living in Swansnest, Howth, Dublin. 35-year-old James is now a Yardman and wife, Sarah (38), is a domestic servant. Their four young children, John (8), Violet (6), Elizabeth (4), and Mary (10 months), all of whom are recorded as Methodist, are also present.

James Kinnear originally enlisted with the South Irish Horse regiment, with the service number 1670. As the role of horse mounted units became obsolete due to the stagnant nature of trench warfare, the men of the South Irish Horse were retrained for infantry service and transferred to the newly formed 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment in late 1917. On transferring, James received a new service number; 25460.

In December of 1917, the 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion were stationed in the trenches in St Emilie, where they carried out maintenance work on the trenches and sent out wiring parties in to no-man’s land. The sector was quite overall, with enemy artillery and wiring parties reported. On the 12^th of December 1917, while making their way to billets, just after being relieved from the front, the 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion were hit by a single enemy shell which caused over sixty casualties.

Fellow Lucanian, John David Jackson, was killed instantly, along with twenty other men, a further nine men would die from the wounds they received in this incident, including James Kinnear, who died from his wounds the in 55^th Casualty Clearing Station the following day on the 13^th of December 1917. He was 42 years old at the time of his death.

James Kinnear is buried in Tincourt New British Cemetery, plot IV. B. 28. France. The moving personal inscription on his grave reads:

“IN LOVING MEMORY
OF MY DEAR HUSBAND
WE LOVED THEE DEARLY
BUT JESUS LOVED THEE BEST”

The cemetery in which James Kinnear is buried is 10km away from the Cemetery in which John David Jackson is buried. As James Kinnear was wounded, he would have been brought further behind the lines for treatment, whereas John David Jackson would have been interred as close to the site of his death as practical. 

7th Battalion (South Irish Horse) Royal Irish Regiment Battalion War Diary excerpt for 12th December incident. “Battln relieved- in evening by 7/8 R. Innis Fus. Returned to billets at St. Emilie. Billets shelled & 28 men killed & 40 wounded. Capt Vernon & 1 O.R. wounded during relief. Battln moved out of billets & occupied Roadway Cutting”. Source: National Archives, Kew.

Roll of Honour Dublin Daily Express 29 December 1917. “Kinnear – James, S.I.H., eldest son of the late David Kinnear, of St. Catherine’s, Lucan, and Mrs. Kinnear, i79 North Circular road, Dublin, died of wounds, December 13^th, 1917, aged 42 years. Deeply mourned by his sorrowing wife and family”. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

The grave of James Kinnear, the inscription upon which reads: “IN LOVING MEMORY OF MY DEAR HUSBAND WE LOVED THEE DEARLY BUT JESUS LOVED THEE BEST.” Source: Find a Grave. Author: Ian and Karen’s World War 1 Memorial Page (FB).

Private John Joseph Doyle

25229, 7^th Battalion (South Irish Horse), Royal Irish Regiment.

Died 21^st March 1918.

John Joseph Doyle was born in Balgaddy, on 16^th November 1897. Son of Land Steward, Thomas Doyle, and Anne Kennedy.

In the 1901 Census John Joseph appears aged three, as “Joseph” Doyle, living in Lucan Petty Common. Father, Thomas (48, Steward), mother, Nannie (45, Housekeeper), and siblings, Mary (21, Poulterer), James (20, Labourer), Ellie (18, Housekeeper), Edward (15, Scholar), Patrick (11, Scholar), and Susan (9, Scholar), are also present.

In the 1911 Census, “Joe” Doyle, then aged thirteen, appears living in Lucan and Pettycannon. Father, Thomas (52, Horse Dealer), mother, Anne (50), and older brothers, Edward (24, Caretaker of Land), and Pat (22, Signal Man), are also present. Joseph is again listed as a Scholar.

Joseph Doyle enlisted in Dublin and served with the South Irish Horse Regiment; service number 1710. As the role of horse mounted units became obsolete due to the stagnant nature of trench warfare, the men of the South Irish Horse were retrained for infantry service and transferred to the newly formed 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment in late 1917. On transferring, Joseph Doyle received a new service number; 25229.

On the 18/19^th March 1918. The 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion relieved the 2^nd Royal Irish Regiment in the front lines. “A” and “C” companies moved into the support line at Ronsoy, while “S” and “B” companies moved into the front-line trench. On the 20^th of March “A” and “C” companies relieved “S” and “B” companies in the front-line trench. “S” and “B” companies then moved into the support line at Ronsoy. According to the Battalion war diaries of the 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion of the Royal Irish Regiment, at 4.30a.m. on the 21^st of March 1918; “The enemy opened a heavy bombardment, mostly with gas shells, lasting about 4 hours. The morning was very foggy.”

At 8.30a.m., following the immense bombardment and gassing, German stormtroopers emerged like ghosts out of the fog. In the confusion they seemed to appear out of everywhere all at once. These stormtroopers were specially trained to attack planned locations deep behind enemy lines, bypassing strong points, and creating confusion; allowing the units that followed to clear up any remaining enemy troops with machine guns, flamethrowers, and grenades. The 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion war diary continues:

“The enemy attacked and (?) through A + C Coys and reached Ronsoy Village before S + B Coys were aware that the attack had commenced. No one of A + B Coys got back to the rest of the Battalion, either being killed or taken prisoners. The enemy had practically surrounded the village before HQ and S+B Coys were aware of it, as he had broken through the division on the right”

All but one officer and most of the men of the battalion had become casualties. The remaining few were ordered to withdraw, and fought their way out to St. Emilie, arriving there at 7p.m. The Battalion strength was then counted at just one officer and forty other ranks. The battalion was relieved at 9p.m. and then moved back to Villiers Haucon.

The enemy attack continued to press forward on the 22^nd of March, and what was left of the 7^th (South Irish Horse) Battalion was grouped into a composite battalion, made up of the remnants from several other decimated battalions. The ad-hoc battalion then retreated to the river Somme.  

Joseph Doyle was killed on the 21^st of March, the first day of the German assault. This German assault was of course the beginning of the German Spring Offensive, a major offensive -and last desperate throw of the dice- to push for victory on the Western Front, before the newly arriving American Soldiers built up in significant numbers. The German Offensive began to stall in April, nevertheless, it would continue to until July 1918, when the Allies finally turned the tide and began the final push for victory.

Unfortunately, many Lucan households were to lose loved ones over the course of the German Spring Offensive, most of them would die in the opening days of the offensive, with many more dying in the wake of its failure.

Joseph Doyle has no known grave, it is likely that he was buried where he fell, in an unmarked grave, by the advancing German Army. He is commemorated on panels 30 & 31 of the Pozieres Memorial, France. The Pozieres Memorial commemorates over 14,000 casualties of the United Kingdom, who have no known grave and who died on the Somme from 21 March to 7 August 1918.

John Joseph Doyle appears on panel 30 & 31 of the Pozieres Memorial. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Paul R.

John Joseph Doyle’s informal will. “In the event of my death I give the whole of my property and effects to Mrs A. Doyle Rowlagh Clondalkin Co Dublin 1710 Pte. Joseph Doyle S. I. Horse”. Source: National Archives of Ireland.

Private Patrick Glennon

19364, 2^nd Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 21^st March 1918.

Patrick Glennon was born in Lucan on 1^st August 1880. Son of Carpenter, Christopher Glennon, and Elizabeth New/Neue. Patrick’s parents were married in Rochfortbridge, Co. Westmeath, on 9^th May 1879. Patrick’s younger brother, Matthew, was born in Lucan, on 16^th June 1882.

At some point before 1908 Patrick Glennon married Annie Whitfield, with their first child, Christopher, being born in Scotland on 8^th October 1908. On the 11^th of December 1908, Patrick’s younger brother, Matthew (born in Lucan, 16^th June 1882), enlisted on Short Service with the Irish Guards. Matthew’s attestation papers record his parents and brother Patrick as next of kin, giving an address of Crow Street, Portarlington.

In the 1911 Census, 30-years-old Patrick Glennon can be found living in Rathleash, Queen’s County (now Co. Laois) with his wife, Annie (29), and children Christopher (2, born Scotland) and Winifred (11 months). Patrick’s occupation is recorded as being an agricultural labourer.

Patrick and Annie Glennon had five children, Christopher (born 8^th October 1908), Winifred May (born 28^th April 1910, Rathleash), Patrick (born 24^th June 1911, Tirhoger, Queen’s Co.), Anne (born 25^th August 1912, Tirhoger, Queen’s Co.), and William Joseph (born 15^th October 1915, Birr, King’s Co.). Patrick Glennon is recorded as a Labourer on all birth registers with the exception of William’s where he is recorded as a “Bank Porter now a private Second Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers” and his address noted as being “France”.

Birth Register of Patrick’s son, William Joseph, born 15th October 1915, Birr, King’s Co. Patrick is recoded as a “Bank Porter Now a private Second Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers” with an address in “France”. Source: Irishgenealogy.ie

The Irish Great War Dead Archives notes that Patrick Glennon enlisted with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in Maryborough (now Portlaoise). His address at the time was given as Kilcormack, King’s County (now Co. Offaly). Patrick entered service in France on 10^th June 1915. While with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, he would likely have seen action in the Battles of Albert (1916), Le Transloy (1916), Messines (1917), and Langemarck (1917).

According to War Diary of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers, on the night of the 19^th/20^th of March 1918, two officers and thirty other ranks left the front line at GRAFTON POST. Under the cover of night, they entered the enemy trench and conducted a raid. The men killed six of the enemy, wounded many more, and left with a prisoner. They sustained no casualties themselves. The purpose of this trench raid was undoubtedly a fact-finding exercise.

Following the Russian armistice in December 1917, the Germans had begun the process of building up their forces with regiments from the Eastern Front. Nonstop German convoys could be heard transporting men and supplies to their front lines. It was not lost on the Allies that the Germans were planning an imminent, large-scale offensive, they only needed to know the details. Captured prisoners could provide key details of enemy plans, from orders, to maps, and the details of the German Regiment that would be attacking them; vital when trying to judge how determined the enemy might be.

On the 21^st of March the “Enemy opened a violent bombardment of all calibre at 4.45am”. It was noted that the Germans fired gas shells as part of the bombardment, which reached far behind the front lines. The bombardment lasted for six-and-half hours. “At 11.15am Enemy attacked along the whole front. Owing to the heavy mist it was impossible to carry out any observation. At this time all companies were in their Battle Positions”. The Royal Dublin Fusiliers managed to hold the line, checking the German advance, and inflicting heavy casualties. An officer and twenty men of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers then pushed forward to destroy an enemy Machine gun and its crew, which had made their way towards the British front line.

At 12.30am the troops to the right of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers started to fall back, exposing the Battalion’s right flank. The enemy then appeared behind them and started to fire on the Dubliners, isolating “A” and “B” Companies. The Dubliners position was then deemed to have become “untenable,” and they withdrew in an orderly fashion to the left, with covering fire from rifles and Lewis Guns. The Battalion withdrew to a position referred to as the BROWN LINE at 3pm and assumed a defensive position. They continued to hold that position for 12 hours, until their relief by the 47^th Infantry Brigade at 4 am on the morning of the 22^nd of March. The Battalion then withdrew and rested for a couple of hours at the Divisional Head Quarters, before being ordered to take up a defensive position at the GREEN LINE for the night.

At 7am on the 23^rd, the 2^nd Battalion was ordered to withdraw; they did so under the cover of the morning fog. It was not until the 30^th of March that the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers started to stall the German advance. Unfortunately, Patrick Glennon was reported missing on 21^st March 1918 (as noted on his Medal Index Card). His name would also appear in the War Office Daily Casualty List for June 7^th under “Missing”. On the 2^nd of August and 20^th November 1918 enquiries on his whereabouts would be made through the Joint War Organisation (Red Cross). With no information on his status forthcoming his death was accepted as having taken place on 21^st March 1918, the date he was last seen. 

On 8^th August 1919, a Commonwealth War Graves Commission Concentration of Graves (Exhumation and Re-burials) Burial Return form, recorded that his body was identified by his identity disc (dog tag), while his body was being exhumed for reburial in Unicorn Cemetery, by the 83^rd Labour Company. It is possible that he was buried in an unmarked mass grave by the advancing German army and later identified when his body was being exhumed for re-burial. Most soldiers were buried close to where they fell, in small makeshift cemeteries that clustered the entire Western Front. After the war, a huge effort was made to exhume the fallen for re-burial in the dedicated cemeteries with which we are familiar.  In the case of Patrick Glennon, the discovery of his identity disc during his exhumation and re-burial put a name to his grave. 

In the post war years Patrick’s family moved to England, with his Dependent’s Pension Card recording an address of 312 Dickenson, Road, Longsight, Manchester, England.

Patrick Glennon is buried in plot II. B. 2. Unicorn Cemetery, Vendhuile, France.

War Office Weekly Casualty List, June 11th, 1918, Daily List of June 7th continued. “Glennon 19364 P. (Portarlington)”. Source: National Library of Scotland.

CWGC Concentration of Graves (Exhumation and Re-burials) Burial Return Form, notes that the body of Patrick Glennon was identified by his Identity Disc which was found during re-burial. Source: CWGC.

Partick Glennon’s grave (right), Unicorn Cemetery, Vendhuile, France. Source: Royal Dublin Fusiliers (Facebook).

Gunner Andrew Brien

284749, 324^th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery.

Died 22^nd March 1918.

Andrew Brien was born in Lucan in 1882. Son of Thomas Brien and Catherine Howard.

In the 1901 Census, 19-year-old, Andrew Brien is found living in Palmerstown. His profession is recorded as an agricultural labourer. Father, Thomas (48, Agricultural Labourer), mother, Catherine (49), and brothers, Michael (26, General Labourer), John (22, Agricultural Labourer), and Christopher (21, Agricultural Labourer) are also present.

On 30^th December 1902, Andrew enlisted on short service with the Royal Garrison Artillery in Dublin, receiving the service number 13767. He was 20yrs 6mnts old at the time of his enlistment. Short service was 3 years with the Colours (his regiment) and 9 years thereafter with the Reserves, to be called up if needed. In 1903 a hospital report notes that Andrew received treatment for D.A.H. or disorderly action of the Heart.

On 4^th October 1908, Andrew married Elizabeth Hall, of Inchicore Road, Chapelizod, in the Catholic Church of Chapelizod. Andrew, by then having completed his three years short service, was again working as a Labourer. His address is recorded as being in Upper Palmerstown. The Brien’s first daughter, Catherine, was born in the South Dublin Union workhouse on 14^th September 1910. The family address at the time was then 2 St. Mary’s Terrace, Inchicore.

In the 1911 Census, 30-year-old Agricultural Labourer, Andrew, is found living with his wife and 6-month-old daughter in the Chapelizod Town area. On 15^th September 1912, Andrew’s second daughter, Elizabeth Mary, was born in Ballyfermot.

As a reservist, Andrew Brien was called up for service following the outbreak of war on 28^th July. He was mobilised at Gosport on 5^th August 1914. His service records state that his regiment was “Home” between 5^th August 1914 and 26^th August 1915 (home being the Regiment garrison in England). Andrew disembarked in France on 27^th August 1915, at which point he joined the No.1 Armoured Train of the British Expeditionary Force.

On the 1^st of January 1916, after having served only briefly on the Western Front, Andrew Brien returned to Fort Brockhurst, Gosport, England. He was here discharged from the Royal Garrison Artillery on the 5^th of January 1916, having fully completed his first period of service (13 years and 7 days). Andrew Brien then returned home to his family in Palmerstown.

However, on 20^th June 1916, Andrew penned a letter to the army which stated the following:

“20/6/1916

Sir,
I wish to know am I
entitled to count on
rejoining, Your Obedient
Servant. A. Brien
Address Mr A. Brien
Palmerstown Co. Dublin
Ireland.

P. S.
I wish to know as soon as possible.”

Letter sent by Andrew Brien, after his Discharge, seeking to re-enlist, dated 20th June 1916. Source: National Archives of Ireland.

Andrew Brien’s request to re-join was approved and he was posted with the 324^th Siege Battery. He also received a new service number, 284749. The Siege Batteries would have been armed with heavy howitzers. The heavy howitzers, the largest of which were rail mounted, would have fired heavy high explosive shells over the front lines, targeting enemy strong points, artillery positions, storage dumps, roads, railways, and communications.

On the night of the 20^th/21^st March 1918, the German Army commenced a crippling 6-hour bombardment and gassing of the sectors behind the British front line. This prevented the British artillery from successfully launching counter bombardments and cut off communication and supply to the frontline trenches, which were also heavily bombed.

On the morning of the 21^st, German Stormtroopers led an assault which punched deep trough the British front lines. Many units at the front were cut off, and many units behind the lines were overwhelmed and taken by complete surprise. In one instance, German troops simply tapped British Artillery Gunners on the shoulder and asked them to stop firing. The British and French were forced to withdraw in a retreat that lasted until April.

Unfortunately, at some point before or during the launch of the German Spring Offensive, Andrew Brien was wounded. He would die from his wounds on 22^nd March 1918.

Andrew is buried in Plot I. B. 4., Bac-Du-Sud British Cemetery, Bailleulval, France. As it happens, Andrew Brien, is not the only Lucanian buried in this small military Cemetery. My own great-grand-Uncle, John Carroll, of 4 Weir View, who served with the Royal Marine Light Infantry, is also buried in Bac-Du-Sud.

Photograph of Gunner Andrew Brien. Kindly shared by Andrew’s great-granddaughter, Karen Smith.

The grave of Andrew Brien at Bac-Du-Sud British Cemetery. He buried only a few rows away from John Carroll, who was also from Lucan. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Claude Laignel.

The grave location of Andrew Brien is highlighted in yellow above. The grave of fellow Lucanian John Carroll is highlighted in Green. Source: CWGC.

Private George Abel

18135, 2^nd Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers.

Died 22^nd March 1918.

George Abel was born in Roseboro, Naas, Co. Kildare, on 2^nd December 1897. Son of Land Steward, William Abel, and Mary Mckenzie. Both of George’s parents were originally from Scotland. 

The Abel family moved around Ireland quite frequently.  An unnamed son (William) was born in Rossdohan, Co. Kerry on 17^th May 1894. George’s older brother, John, was also born in Co. Kerry (according to the 1911 Census). In 1902 on the birth of George’s younger brother, Rodrick, the Abel family lived in Honey Park Lodge, Rathdown, Co. Dublin, where William worked as a gardener. In 1904 on the birth of his brother, Walter, in Roscommon, the family lived in Charles Town, where William worked as a Labourer. 

The Abel family does not appear in the 1901 Census, but in the 1911 Census, are found living in Finnstown, Lucan. George Abel, aged ten, is recorded as a scholar. Father, William (45, Grocer), mother, Mary (43), and brothers, John (14, scholar), Rodrick (8, scholar), and Walter (6, scholar), are also present. The family religion is noted as being Presbyterian. Only four of their five children are present at the time of the census; it was noted that all five were living at the time. 

On 6^th November 1912, George’s father, William, passed away in Hospital, aged fifty. It was noted on his death register that he was from Finnstown, Lucan. His occupation was recorded as a Gardener.

On enlistment, George gave an address in Celbridge, Co. Kildare (as noted in the Irish Great War Dead Archive). This is backed up by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission website, which lists his mother’s residential address as Main Street, Celbridge, Co. Kildare.

George initially enlisted with the Army Service Corps (service No. 066615), in Shirehampton, Bristol, England. Interestingly, two other men from Lucan would also join the Army Service Corps, each receiving a relatively similar service number: Patrick Carroll (Service No. R/4 06674) and John Monaghan (Service No. R/4 066800). All three Lucanians would enter France on the same day, 28^th April 1915.

The Army Service Corps was responsible for the mammoth task of Logistical supply to the army, as such it was the lifeline that kept the men in the trenches fed, watered, armed, and clothed. Apart from this, they would have been responsible sourcing and retaining horses for use in war (the “R/4” prefix in the service numbers of John Monaghan and Patrick Carroll denotes this role with the Remount Service). Honorary Major David Ernest Bellaney MBE, of Esker Villa, who was specially employed in the Remount Service of the Army Service Corps (as he was a prominent horse breeder) was a key player in the procurement horses from the Americas for use in the war effort, a roll which earned him his “Member of The British Empire” award in 1918.

After the Battle of the Somme in July 1916, able-bodied men of the Army Service Corps were transferred into fighting Regiments, to replace the considerable number of casualties that were lost in the battle. George Abel would eventually be transferred out of the Army Service Corps. John Monaghan and Patrick Carroll would also be transferred out, all three Lucanians would soon to find themselves fighting in the front-line trenches. George Abel was initially transferred to the Royal Dublin Fusiliers (Service No. 28790). He was then later transferred to the Royal Munster Fusiliers (Service No. 18135).

On Thursday 21^st 1918, the War Diary of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers states the following:

“At last the long expected enemy offensive commenced. The battalion was occupying a series of positions between EPEHY and MALASSISE FARM…”

“…The enemy opened his bombardment at 4.30am with gas shells on the batteries and ordinary heavy shells on the trenches. The bombardment lasted for six hours, and a heavy white fog hung over our positions.”

In the confusion that followed the bombardment, the German infantry advanced through the fog, they pushed through the British front lines on the right of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers and were then able to attack MALASSISE FARM from the right flank. The Royal Munster Fusiliers lost the position before they could put up a serious defence. By 11am the fog started to lift. The Germans, now in the British trenches, started to attack down the trench with trench mortars. Remnants of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers managed to hold sections of the trench until 5pm. By 6pm the advancing German infantry were attacking the Battalion Headquarters, which by then had already been moved back 500m. The Headquarters was forced to withdraw further after “a short sharp fight”. A handful of officers and fifty men held on to the line at the Railway Cutting, South-east of EPEHY, taking heavy casualties from German trench mortars. The enemy pushed forward and the remaining men of the 2^nd Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers, withdrew to EPEHY under the cover of darkness, where they joined up with the 8^th Leicester Regiment.

On Friday 22^nd March, at 7am, all Irish troops were ordered to withdraw to TINCOURT. It was noted here in the Battalion War Diary that the Battalion had been reduced from a trench strength of 629 men down to just 290. During the night of the 22^nd /23^rd March, the 2^nd Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers assumed position at TINCOURT, behind the wood. The 1^st and 2^nd Battalions of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers formed up on the Munster’s left. At 5.30pm the battalion was ordered to withdraw towards DOINGT in artillery formation, taking up defensive positions in an old trench line on arrival. The Royal Dublin Fusiliers took up position in front of them on high ground. The Dubliners soon had to retreat through the lines of the Munsters at around 2.30pm. The units to either side of the Munsters also fell back. However, the Munsters managed to hold on to their position for up to an hour before being forced back by large numbers of advancing Germans. The Munsters withdrew across the river Somme, just before the last bridges were blown up by the Royal Engineers. TThe Royal Munster Fusiliers would continue their retreat until the German advance ground to a halt at the end of the month. George Abel, however, was not with them as he was reported missing on the 22^nd of March 1918.

George Abel was listed as “Missing” in the War Office Weekly Casualty List of June 10^th, 1918. Enquires would be made on his whereabouts with the Joint War Organisation in August and November 1918, however his body was never recovered, and his date of death was later accepted as 22^nd August 1918. He was 20 years old at the time.

War Office Weekly Casualty List, June 18th, 1918, List of “Missing” for 10th June “ROYAL MUNSTER FUSILIERS. – Abel 18135 G. (Colbridge)” [should be Celbridge]. Source: National Library of Scotland.

He is commemorated on the Pozieres Memorial, Panel 78 and 79, France. He is also commemorated on a cross and two Rolls of Honour in Christ Church, Castletown Avenue, Celbridge, Co. Kildare. His brother William Abel, formerly of the Royal Garrison Artillery, is also recorded as a casualty of the Great War on the Christ Church memorials. William Abel died of apoplexy while serving as an Air Mechanic 2^nd Class with the Royal Air Force, on 27^th August 1920. 

George Abel is commemorated on a memorial cross in Christ Church, Castletown Avenue, Celbridge, Co. Kildare. His brother, William, is also listed, having died post war while serving with the R.A.F. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

“ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE ABEL, WILLIAM ABEL, GEORGE BROOKE, MAURICE CANE, FREDERICK HINCH, FREDERICK MAGAN, JAMES THOMPSON, WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE GREAT WAR 1914-1918. THEIR NAMES LIVETH FOR EVER”

George Abel while serving with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Source: The World War I Dead of Co. Kildare.

George Abel appears on Panel 78 and 79, Pozieres. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Paul R.

George Abel is commemorated on the Roll of Honour of those serving from the Parish, Christ Church, Castletown Avenue, Celbridge, Co. Kildare. As this Document was made while George was still alive his regiment is listed as the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.  His brothers, John, and William Abel are also listed. John survived the war, later joining the Free State Army in 1922, while William died post war while serving with the R.A.F and is recorded by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

George Abel is commemorated on the post-war Roll of those who served, Christ Church, Castletown Avenue, Celbridge, Co. Kildare. His brothers, John, and William Abel are also listed. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

Private William Lanigan

27465, 7^th/8^th Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.

Died 27^th March 1918.

William Lanigan was born in Bluebell, Clondalkin, on 25^th January 1894. Son of Labourer, James Lanigan and Margaret Maycock. William’s Mother, Margaret, was born in England. 

By the 1901 Census, seven-year-old William was living in “Laracon”, Lucan. Father, James (33, Cloth Presser), mother, Margaret (35, born in England), and siblings, Kate (9), Jane (7), and brother John (5), are also present.

In the 1911 Census, the Lanigan family are still resident in Lucan, now living in Lucan Town. 17-year-old William is now a Wool Wrapper in Hills Mill. Father, James (46, Woollen Finisher), Mother Margaret (48, now born in Co. Dublin), and siblings, Kate (18, Woollen Weaver), John (15, Grocers Assistant), Jane (13), Christopher (7), and Patrick (6), are also present.

According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, William’s family, lived in No. 18 Weir View, a row of twenty terrace houses, overlooking Lucan Weir, which housed employees of Hill’s Woollen Mill. Three of the twenty household would lose a son during the Great War.

William Lanigan’s Medal Index Card does not note his date of entry to France. Though the Lucan Newsletter Article “Letters from the front…” states that William had previously served with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers before transferring to the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. The Irish Great War Dead Archive also notes that William previously served with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers. His service No. for the Royal Dublin Fusiliers was 22784, which places his enlistment with the regiment after 1914. 

In a letter sent home to his mother on Monday 24^th May 1916 (which can be found in Lucan Newsletter Article “Letters from the front…” and transcribed below), William’s regiment was noted as the 7^th Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, British Expeditionary Force. The 7^th Battalion of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers did not arrive in France until February 1916. With the 7^th Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, William, would have been present for the battles of Guillemot and Ginchy in 1916.

On the 23^rd of August 1917, the 7^th and 8^th Battalions of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers were amalgamated together to form the 7/8^th Battalion. In 1917 the 7/8^th Battalion of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers took part in the Battle of Messines Ridge (where the largest non-nuclear, man-made explosion in history took place), and later the Battle of Langemark.

On the morning of 21^st March 1918, after a 6-hour bombardment, the Germans launched their infamous Spring Offensive. The scale of the offensive, consisting of half a million men, pushed the British back in a chaotic and desperate retreat, which lasted until the end of the month. The 16^th Irish Division, which the 7/8^th Battalion of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers formed part of, was positioned near Ronssoy, France at the time of the Spring Offensive. The division was to suffer horrific casualties, being practically wiped out during the retreat that ensued, suffering the highest casualties of any battalion at the time.  Unfortunately, William Lanigan was killed in action on 27^th March 1918, the end of the first phase of this offensive, and only a day after writing his last letter home; in which he enthusiastically expressed his belief that he could be home for summer. Williams last letter, however, is overly optimistic given the dire situation that the allies found themselves in, it is quite possible that the letter was meant to reassure his mother, who would have heard of the massive German attack, and the terrible situation in the front lines. William Lanigan was 24 years old at the time of his death.

In a Commonwealth War Graves Commission Concentration of Graves (Exhumation and Re-burial) Burial Returns form (dated 18^th September 1919), it was noted that William’s body was identified by a marked cross, found on his battlefield grave. William was re-buried in Villers-Bretonneux Military Cemetery, plot: XV. E. 2., France. The personal inscription on William’s grave reads:

“IN THY MERCY JESUS BLEST
GRANT HIM ETERNAL REST”

Left to right; James Graham (Inniskilling Fusiliers), unknown soldier (possibly with the face of William Graham superimposed), and William Lanigan (Inniskilling Fusiliers). William Lanigan’s sister, Katherine, married James Graham after the war. James was shot through the shoulder during the war.  Source: Lucan Newsletter.

William Lanigan’s grave, Villers-Bretonneux Military Cemetery. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Digger.

First letter sent home from the front by William Lanigan. “Monday 24.5.1916 7/Roy. Innis. Fus B.E.F. Dear Mother Just a few lines —– —— to your kind and welcome letter glad to see by it they are all in good health at home. as this leaves me at present I did not see Jack since before the gas attack but he is alright as one of our fellows was talking to him. did you hear how Mat— Killduff is or is he home yet is Graham and M—– alright did they get to England did you hear Andy Toole and Ger Nash is getting on me and Felon— was very touchey. Now Dear Mother send me out a few ———- along with the Irelands own now Dear Mother is all the fighting over in Dublin yet or did they get any more ——— yet they had our prayers that week as there was no letters from Dublin   à      Source: Lucan Newsletter.

Last letter sent home from the front by William Lanigan, only a day before his death. The letter is overly optimistic giving the current situation, it is possible that his letter was meant to reassure his mother. “26.3.1918 Dear Mother Just a few lines in ——- to your —— Kind and welcome letter alright and was glad to see by it you are all going on well at home as this leaves me at present I got the card and shamrock alright and Kitty — we had a good time out here on St Patricks day better than we expected —- the ——– are going on well out here I think we will all be home this summer if all goes on the same as its going we have —— on the run and I hope he keeps running ——Dear Mother I have no more to say hoping to hear from you soon I remain Your fond Son Billie”. Source: Lucan Newsletter.

Letters of condolence sent to William Lanigan’s family on behalf of His Majesty the King. Source: Lucan Newsletter.

No. 18 Weir View, Laraghcon, Lucan, home of the Lanigan family. Three men from Weir View were killed during the Great War, John Carroll from No.4, James Hunter from No. 8, and William Lanigan from No. 18. Source: Buildings of Ireland.

Private William “Willie” Nolan

74013, 48^th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps (Infantry). 

Died 22nd April 1918.

William Nolan was born in Lucan on 4^th April 1897. Son of Labourer, John Nolan and Elizabeth Meehan of Esker, Lucan.

In the 1901 Census, William, then aged four, is found living in Esker South, Lucan. Father, John (52, Farm Labourer), mother, Elizabeth (40, Housekeeper), and siblings, Mary (14, Domestic Servant), Patrick (10, Scholar), John (8, Scholar), and Rose (6, Scholar), are also present.

In the 1911 Census, the Nolan family are still to be found living in Esker, Lucan. William is now aged fourteen and working as a Farm Servant. Father, John (62, Agricultural Labourer), mother, Elizabeth (50), and siblings, Patrick (20, Agricultural Labourer), John (18, Hotel Porter), Rose (16, General Servant-Domestic), Thomas (10, Scholar), and Michael (10, Scholar), are also present.

William Nolan enlisted with the 4^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers on 15^th February 1916. At the time of his enlistment William was 19 years and 9 Months old, and had an address of Main Street, Lucan.

On 28^th August 1916, William joined the 9^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers in France, soon after joining the 8^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers on 16^th September 1916. His service number with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers was 26138.

William Nolan was then transferred to the 48^th Battalion Machine Gun Corps (Infantry) on 9^th March 1918, receiving a new service number, 74013, this new service number would unfortunately cause great confusion later.  The Machine Gun Corps was comprised of men specifically trained in the use of heavy machine guns, companies of which would be attached to divisions for support.

In March 1918, the German army launched their much-anticipated Spring Offensive. They quickly overcame the British front-line battalions and pushed deep behind their lines taking thousands of British soldiers’ prisoner. The offensive caused the Allies to rapidly fall back in a desperate retreat that many initially believed would be the end of the war. William Nolan was to go missing on the opening day of the German Spring Offensive, on 21^st March 1918.

William’s family soon received a card, dated 24^th March 1918, which notifying them that William had been taken prisoner. They then received a second card, which was dated 16^th of April 1918, and then heard no more.

War Office Daily Casualty List of May 17th, listing “Nolan 74013 W. (Dublin)” as missing. Source: National Library of Scotland.

The cards received by William Nolan’s family, notifying them of his capture. The first is dated 24^th March 1918 and the second is dated 16^th April 1918. Source: Fold3.

Miss Bellaney of Esker House, who volunteered with the British Red Cross, appears to have tried helping William’s family find more information on his whereabouts. On 20^th November 1918, with the war having ended 9 days previously, the British Red Cross Society sent the following letter to Miss Bellaney:

“Enquiry Department for Wounded, Missing and Prisoners of War.
BRITISH RED CROSS SOCIETY, 
51 Dawson Street,
DUBLIN.

          20th November 1918.

Miss Bellaney,
Esker House,
Lucan.

Re Pte. William Nolan 74014
48th M. G. C.
Dear Madam,
We now return you the 2 cards from Limburg which were received from this soldier. The Care Committee of the regiment have to-day informed us that his name came to them as a prisoner of war on the 9th September last, and that his address was given as Mannheim, but that there has not been time to get any parcel acknowledgement card from him.

As no doubt he has now been released his parents ought to hear something of him soon either from a Neutral country or from our own lines in France, where we hope he will arrive safely in due course.

Yours Faithfully,
Edward A.  T……
Hon. Sec. to the Dpt. “

Letter sent to Miss Bellaney by the British Red Cross Society. Source: Fold3.

Over a month later the Nolan family still had no news of their son. Desperate for information, the family wrote a letter to the War Office:

“Esker, Lucan,
Co. Dublin.

Dear Sir,

Enclosed you will find 2 cards which I received from my brother the last he wrote being on the 16 April last as we have got no word from him since we wrote to the Enquiry Office the told us in the letter as you will see that they were informed he was in Mannheim on the 9th September last. This is all the information we received from him as was over now a month and we CAN GET NO card or tell from him we have got ….. about him. So we would be very thankful to you for any information you can give us. I beg to Remain Yours
very Respectfully
John Nolan”

 Page one of the letter sent to the War Office by William Nolan’s family, desperately seeking news of him. Source: Fold3.

 Page two of the letter sent to the War Office by William Nolan’s family, desperately seeking news of him. Source: Fold3.

Unfortunately, on looking into the matter the War Office received a report in December 1918 which stated:

“No. 74013 Private William Nolan, 16th Machine Gun Corps. Died 22.4.18 in Field Hospital Roisel, Buried in Cemetery there in a large grave”. 

The British Red Cross Society had erroneously mistaken William Nolan of the Machine Gun Corps, service No. 74013, with a Private P. Nolan of the Machine Gun Corps, who had a similar service number of 74021, and who was known to be a prisoner of war in Mannheim. This was confirmed by German Red Cross records, and it was then accepted in December that William Nolan had in fact died of wounds months earlier on 22^nd April 1918. Undoubtedly, this would have been devastating news for William Nolan’s family, who had spent half year hoping to hear word of him. 

William Nolan is buried in a communal grave at Roisel Communal Cemetery Extension, Plot III. A. 7/19., France.

Internal communication from the War Office, highlighting the mistake that had been made in misidentifying William Nolan. It notes that German list D12/40 recorded the actual fate of William Nolan, and that his family should be notified accordingly. “The following report has been received in an official German List D12/40 :- “No.74013 Private William Nolan, 16^th Machine Gun Corps. Died 22.4.18 in Field Hospital Roisel, Buried in Cemetery there in a large grave”. The report mentioned in the enclosed letter from the British Red Cross Society at Dublin, and also letter from relatives showing that No.74013 Private Nolan was a prisoner at Mannheim, is evidently a mistake on the part of the British Red Cross due to a confusion between him and No.74021 Private P. Nolan, Machine Gun Corps, who was known to be the Prisoner of War at Mannheim. The information transmitted in the German List D12/40, is therefore accepted as referring to No. 74013 Private W. Nolan. The next-of-kin should be notified accordingly and the usual non-effective documents prepared. Postcards obtained from the relatives are herewith enclosed for transmission.” Source: Fold3.

German Red Cross document which states that William Nolan died in a field hospital in Roisel on 22nd April 1918. It also notes that he was buried in a mass grave. Part of the confusion around identifying William Nolan’s death sooner may be down to the fact that he was recorded with his service number for the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, rather than with his service number for the Machine Gun Corps. Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

War Office Daily Casualty List of February 22nd, 1919. “Nolan 74013 W. (Lucan)” of the Machine Gun Corps is listed under “Previously missing, now reported DIED AS PRISONERS OF WAR IN GERMAN HANDS (Contd.).” Source: National Library of Scotland.

Figure 155   William Nolan’s Grave. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Jim Porter.

Private Eric Atkinson

30170, 60th Field Ambulance, Royal Army Medical Corps.

Died 1^st July 1918.

Eric Atkinson was born in house number 1 on Ardenvohr Terrace, Belfast, on 12^th September 1891. Son of Solicitors Clerk John Atkinson and Elizabeth Downey.

By the 1901 census the Atkinson family had moved to Dublin, where they can be found living on Richmond Road (Drumcondra). Eric, then nine years’ old is recorded as a scholar. Father John (55, Law Clerk), Mother Elizabeth (50), and siblings, Walter (21, Mechanic), Eva (20), Mary Ida (18), Ivan (17, Law Clerk), Rollo (14, Mercantile Clerk), and Margaretta Beatrice (11), are also present. Rollo is listed twice, both as a scholar and as a Law Clerk. The family religion is recorded as being Church of Ireland. Three years later Eric’s father died in Drumcondra Hospital from Cardiac Failure, the result of a gastric disease, on 24^th March 1904. The family address is more specifically recorded as being 30 Richmond Road. In the 1911 census, 19-year-old Eric Atkinson can be found living in Lucan Town with his mother, Elizabeth (61), who now works as a Dress Maker. Eric is recorded as being a Dyer, most likely for Hill’s Mill. The fact that his mother is now working indicates that the family may have fallen on hard times following the death of her husband.

On the 3^rd of August 1914 the United Kingdom declared war on the German Empire when the latter refused to recall its troops from Belgian after launching an attack on France through the neutral nation. On the 22^nd of August Eric Atkinson enlisted with the Royal Army Medical Corps in Dublin. He declared his age as 22 years and 7 months and his occupation as being a Dyer. His mother Elizabeth was recorded as next of Kin with an address of Main Street, Lucan. On the 6^th of October 1914 Eric joined the 60^th Field Ambulance in Crookham, Hampshire, England, where he would receive both military and basic medical training. On passing his training on 3^rd December Eric Atkinson became a 3^rd Class Orderly and received increased rate of pay. He would remain in England until 19^th July 1915 when the 60^th Field Ambulance left Southampton for Havre, France, where they disembarked the following day on 20^th July 1915. The 60^th Field Ambulance would serve with the 20^th (Light) Division. Eric Atkinson remained in France for the duration of his service. He received 11 days leave in January and February of 1917 and a further 14 days leave in February 1918.

Field Ambulances provided vital mobile front line medical units, staffed by 10 officers and 224 men, who were divided into separate sections responsible for establishing and operating stations along the causality evacuation route, from the Regimental Aid posts in the front lines to Bearer Relay Posts, Advanced Dressing Stations, and Main Dressing Stations. They ensured that the wounded could be brought back to the Causality Clearing Stations for treatment and evacuation to Hospitals. As such, men of the Field Ambulance would find themselves evacuating casualties from the worst of the front line fighting and through the heaviest of bombardments behind the lines. Privates such as Eric Atkinson often served as stretcher bearers, with four privates being assigned to each stretcher. Depending on ground conditions it could take upwards of four hours to transfer a wounded man from the forward Regimental Aid Posts back to the Advanced Dressing Stations.

In the early hours of the 21^st of March 1918, the German army unleashed an intense six-hour artillery bombardment, targeting supplies, communications, and support networks behind the allied front lines, with chlorine, mustard, and tear gas shells being dropped on the front-line trenches. Following the bombardment specially trained German Storm Troopers emerged from the morning mist and penetrated deep into the allied defences, German Infantry armed with machine guns, mortars, and flamethrowers then swept in to “mop up” any bypassed allied strong points and units. The Spring Offensive was a last-ditch effort by the Germans to turn the tide of the war before America could build up an overwhelming number of troops in Europe. The opening blow of the offensive was so successful that the Germans advanced up to 40 miles, with open warfare developing for the first time since 1914; many allied units operating behind the lines quickly found themselves surrounded by the enemy. Being part of an unarmed unit, Eric Atkinson would have been particularly defenceless in such a situation. 

Between March 21^st and 5^th April 1918, the British Army suffered 177,739 casualties with 75,000 men being taken prisoner. Eric Atkinson was reported missing “Believed Prisoner of War” on the 24^th of March 1918, with The War Office Daily List announcing him as missing a month afterwards on the 9^th of May. It was later reported by The War Office on November 8^th, 1918, that Eric Atkinson was “Previously reported missing, now reported Prisoners of War”. Sadly, German Red Cross Prisoner of War Records confirm that Eric had in fact died many months prior to this announcement on the 1^st of July 1918 “in camp at Schirmeck”. 

War Office Weekly Casualty List, May 14th, 1918. Part VII. W.O.’s, N.C.O.’s AND MEN (Contd.). Missing (Contd.) “ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS.- Atkinson 30170 E (Lucan)”. Source: National Library of Scotland.

WEEKLY CASUALTY LIST, NOVEMBER 12th, 1918. PART V.  W.O.’s, N.C.O.’s, AND MEN (Contd.). Previously reported missing, now reported PRISONERS OF WAR (Contd.) “Atkinson 30170 E. (Lucan, Co. Dublin)”. Source: National Library of Scotland.

International Committee of the Red Cross Prisoner of War record P.A. 39319 “Totenliste” noting that Eric Atkinson died in camp at Schirmeck on 1st July 1918. “Atkinson, Eric, Sold.- Royal Army Medical Korps.- 60.Field Ambulance.- geb. zu Belfast 23 Jahre 9 Mon. alt. Färber.- verst. 1.7.18 im Lager zu Sch i r m e c k Aktz. 26621/W.” Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

Eric Atkinson’s service papers note that he “Died Cardiac Weakness, in War Hosp Schirmeck Whilst a prisoner of War in Germany”. Source: Fold3.

Eric Atkinson’s service records show that he died from “Cardiac Weakness” at the age of 28. Cardiac disease was one of the leading causes for discharge during the War, with the stresses of trench warfare severely compounding underlying heart conditions. Psychiatric disorders such as Shellshock could also present with symptoms associated with heart disease, causing heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness at even the slightest physical exertion. Survival in prison camps would have been a test of physical and mental endurance for even the fittest of soldiers. Camps were often overcrowded, rife with disease, influenza, and malnourishment. Prisoners were forced to work long 12-hour days of heavy manual labour, with those unable to do so being beaten and denied adequate medical attention. Dozens of local men were taken prisoner during the war, of them three would die in captivity, while the survivors would suffer with profound lifelong psychological trauma.

Eric Atkinson was initially buried in plot 299 of the La Broque French Military Cemetery, Alsace. He was later exhumed and re-buried in Plaine French National Cemetery, France, plot: 373. Eric’s sister Ada Judge paid £4.11d for the personal inscription on his grave, which read:

“HE ANSWERED THE CALL”

Eric Atkinson’s grave in Plaine French National Cemetery, France. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Ben.

Private William McCormack

9582, 7^th Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Died 17^th July 1918.

William McCormack was born on 22^nd April 1884, in Grange, Lucan. Son of Labourer Patrick McCormack and Catherine Dignam. William’s baptism record gives the family address as “12^th Lock”. William’s father, Patrick “McCormac” died at 12^th Lock, aged sixty-three, on 19^th December 1898.

William appears as a Labourer, aged eighteen, in the 1901 Census in Grange, Newcastle, under the name William McCormick. Mother, Kate (widowed Housekeeper, 60), and siblings, John (Labourer, 30), Herbert (Labourer, 28), and Julia (26, Servant), are also present. His details in the records of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission note that his mother lived in Early Cottage, Tandy’s Lane, Lucan. As of the last few years, Tandy’s Lane has all but vanished under new housing developments.

William McCormack’s service number, 9582, suggests that enlisted with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers just before October 6^th, 1906. A Casualty List from the First World War puts him with the 1^st Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers. At the time of William’s enlistment, the 1^st Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were stationed in Alexandria, moving to Khartoum, and Cairo in Egypt. The battalion was transferred to Ahmednagar, India, in 1909, and on the outbreak of the First World War was stationed in Fort St. George, Madras. On 21 December 1914 the battalion arrived back to England, and was stationed in Torquay, Devon. On 16^th 1915 the 1^st Battalion disembarked England for the Dardanelles.

The 1^st Battalion Royal Dublin fusiliers took part in infamous amphibious landing at “V” Beach, Cape Helles, Gallipoli on 25^th April 1915.  Private William McCormack’s Medal Index Card confirms this by stating that he first entered a theatre of war (Gallipoli and Aegean Islands) on 25^th April 1916 (1916 is a typographical error that should read 1915). On the morning of the 25^th of April 1915, the Royal Dublin Fusiliers were the first to go ashore, landing in boats towed and rowed ashore. The Ottoman defenders opened a heavy enfilade of fire on the boats as they came close to the shore and many of the Dubliners were killed in their boats or while trying to wade ashore. Those that did make it ashore took to cover. Three hundred of the seven hundred who took part in the landing were killed. 

The SS River Clyde, acting as a Trojan Horse, then purposely ran aground, and two thousand men of the Royal Munster Fusiliers, the Royal Hampshire Regiment, and the remainder of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, disembarked via gangways on either side of the ship, and tried to storm the beach across barges that had been linked together. The machine gun fire from the Ottoman Sedd-el-Bahr fortress inflicted significant casualties, however, and the barges quickly filled up with dead and wounded men. Many of the British soldiers who tried to escape the Turkish enfilade by prematurely leaving the linked barges, drowned in the water. Disembarkation was eventually halted until the cover of night.

Out of the roughly 1000 men of 1^st Battalion, 600 became casualties within the first two days of the landings. Casualties of the 1^st Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers and 1^st Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers were so great that the two Battalions had to be temporarily formed into one Battalion that became known as the “Dubsters”. It is highly likely that William McCormack was wounded during the Gallipoli landings as he was reported “Wounded” in the “Mediterranean” in the War Office Casualty List of 24^th May 1915, which fits within the timeframe for those wounded in the attack being named.

After suffering high casualties and with little gained against stiff Ottoman resistance, the Gallipoli Campaign eventually ended in failure. Attention was shifting to Salonika, where the Bulgarians had recently entered the war on the side of the Central Powers. Britain began withdrawal of its forces in the beginning of January 1916, with the 1^st Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers being withdrawn to Egypt on the 1^st of January. At some point before March 1916 William McCormack appears to have been transferred to the 7^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers, as the 1^st Battalion left for France in March and William McCormack appears to have remained, later joining the 7^th Battalion in Salonika, Greece. The reason for not joining the 1^st Battalion in France remains unknown, however it is possible that he remained due to illness.  

The 7^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers landed in Suvla Bay on the 7^th of August 1915, taking part in the attack of “Chocolate Hill” that same day. Soon afterwards on the 30^th of September 1915 the 7^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were withdrawn from the Gallipoli Peninsula. They would then be destined for Salonika, where they would disembark on 11^th of October 1915. The men arrived in Salonika with only hot weather/tropical uniforms and were severely ill equipped for the bitter cold winter climate.  The Salonika front was a relatively quiet one, with both sides observing a “live and let live” attitude. Despite this, the Bulgarian army or “Bulgars” were known to put up a stiff and determined fight, as was evident in the battle for Jenikoi Village on 3^rd October 1916; where the 7^th Royal Dublin Fusiliers suffered nearly 400 casualties in two days of fighting.

At 02.30am on morning of 3^rd October 1916, in support of the 6^th Royal Dublin Fusiliers and 7^th Royal Munster Fusiliers, the 7th Royal Dublin Fusiliers crossed the Struma River, to take the Greek village of Jenikoj, then under the control of the Bulgarian Army. Following a heavy artillery bombardment, the Royal Dublin Fusiliers entered the village, clearing it of the few remaining Bulgarian defenders by bayonet. The Dubliners and Munsters then consolidated the village and dug in. The Bulgarians soon launched numerous counterattacks to retake the village. Despite firmly holding their ground the Dubliners soon found themselves caught between their own artillery fire and that of the enemy. Taking heavy casualties from their own artillery, they were forced to fall back to a sunken road within the village. The Bulgarian artillery intensified, and the enemy once again counterattacked, gaining a small foot hold in the village. Facing a determined enemy and heavy artillery fire, the Dubliners became greatly disorganised and supporting troops were moved up to reinforce them. The Bulgarians launched increasingly stronger attacks supported by well-aimed artillery, which caused havoc among the Dubliners and at 07.30pm orders were issued for the 7^th Royal Dublin Fusiliers and their supporting troops to leave the village. On reaching the outskirts of the village, it became clear that conflicting orders had been issued, with some of the battalion remaining in the village along with the 6^th Royal Dublin Fusiliers and 7^th Royal Munster Fusiliers. The erroneous order was cancelled, and the 7^th Royal Dublin Fusiliers were promptly ordered back to the village. The following morning the 6^th and 7^th Dubliners counterattacked, retaking taking the village at 05.30am. They were met with little resistance from the Bulgarians, who had since withdrawn. 385 men were reported killed, wounded, or missing. William McCormack appears to have been wounded during this battle as he was reported “Wounded” in the War Office Casualty List of November 6^th, 1916.

In September 1918, the 7^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers were transferred to Egypt, where they began preparations for a campaign in Palestine. They would finally be sent to France instead, embarking from Egypt in May 1918. However, private William McCormack, like many others from his battalion, contracted malaria during his service in Greece/Egypt, and remained in Alexandria for treatment. William McCormack would unfortunately die from Malaria in Egypt, on 17^th August 1918. He was 37 years old. 

Exposure to the elements and disease were the greatest threats faced by soldiers on the Macedonian front during the First World War; with more men falling victim to disease than to enemy activity. The extreme climate and terrain of the Struma Valley created the perfect breeding grounds for mosquitoes and, inevitably, the spread of malaria. Throughout the sweltering summer months swarming mosquitoes became so unbearable within the valley, that both sides would retreat out of the valley, to the cooler foothills above.  On arrival in Marseilles, France, on 1^st June 1918, the 7^th Royal Dublin Fusiliers was reduced in strength, with many men being transferred to the 2^nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers. The 2^nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers Battalion War Diary noted that “practically all the officers and men [from the 7^th Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers] subject to attacks of Malaria contracted on the Struma”. Between June and July 360 of these men would be hospitalised from Malaria. The regiment was so affected by Malaria, that the men were granted two weeks of respite by the sea.

William McCormack is buried in Alexandria (Hadra) War Memorial Cemetery, Plot C. 83. Egypt.

Private William McCormack of Lucan is reported “Dead” in the Irish Independent, 21st August 1918. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives

William McCormack’s photograph appeared in the Dublin Evening Herald on the 7^th of September 1918 (2^nd row, 3^rd from the left). The caption reads: “PTE. WM. McCORMACK (9582), R.D.F. Died in hospital July 17, 1918. Widowed mother Early Cottage, Lucan.” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Weekly Casualty List (War Office & Air Ministry) Tuesday 27 August 1918. “War Office Daily List of August 19^th (Contd.) PART V. W,O,’s, N.C.O.’s, AND MEN (Contd.). DIED (Contd.). ROYAL DUBLIN FUSILIERS. -McCormack 9582 W. (Lucan).” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Sergeant James Leitch Gailey

47016, 110^th Field Ambulance, Royal Army Medical Corps.

Died 11^th August 1918.

James Leitch Gailey was born on 16^th August 1897, in Magheracreggan, Co. Tyrone. Son of Presbyterian Minister, Andrew Gailey, and Elisabeth Leitch.

In the 1901 Census, James L. Gailey, aged three, appears in Magheracreggan, Co. Tyrone. James, along with his mother, Elisabeth, and older brother, Saml Andrew (4), are listed as visitors of Samuel (Farmer) and Eliza Leitch, and their two sons, James and Andw. James’s Father, Andrew (Presbyterian Minister), is listed in the family home in Derlett, Market Hill, Armagh, with servant Maggie McClure.

Between August 26^th, 1909, and November 1912, James Leitch Gailey attended St. Andrew’s College, Booterstown, a private secondary school founded by members of the Presbyterian community. During his three years at the college James received teaching in Latin, French, and Physical Education, among other subjects. On enrolment at St. Andrew’s, the address of his father, Rev. Andrew Gailey B.A., was recorded as “The Manse, Lucan”, the residence of the incumbent Presbyterian Minister of Lucan. His father’s address is further confirmed in the 1910 Thom’s Directory of Dublin as “Primrose Hill”.

In the 1911 Census, James Leitch Gailey appears in Lucan, aged thirteen. Father, Andrew (Presbyterian Minister, 43), mother, Elisabeth (35), and siblings, Samual Andrew (14), John Alexander (9), Robert Parke (7), and Elisabeth (4), are also present. Charles Alex Remey McCay (Student Visitor, 19) and servant Molley Dunne (17) also appear.

The Manse, now called Primrose Hill House, would have been home to the Presbyterian Minister and his family. Source: Buildings of Ireland.

On 10^th January 1914, the Belfast News-Letter announced that James’ father, the Rev. Andrew Gailey, B.A., Minister of Lucan, was appointed Honorary Chaplain to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Rev. Andrew Gailey, B.A., who was editor of “Everybody’s Monthly”, was very active in the Irish Temperance League, often giving speeches on “The present position and outlook in Ireland”. He also devoted 23 years’ service to patients of Peamount Sanitorium, for which he was presented with a handsome clock by the Dowager Lady Everard, as token of appreciation in 1935.

James Leitch Gailey enlisted with the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1915, which appears to have been a very common branch of service among Presbyterian Ministers or their sons, as is evident from “The Presbyterian Church in Ireland Manse Roll of Honour”. His brother, Samual Andrew Gailey also enlisted, serving as Surgeon Probationer, in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, on board the HMS Obedient M-class destroyer. Samual would survive the war.

According to his Medal Index Card, James entered France on 5^th October 1915, serving with the 110^th Field Ambulance. A field ambulance was a mobile front line medical unit (not a vehicle) which would operate several points along the casualty evaluation line, taking casualties back through the various medical stations for treatment. Though not a fighting unit, their service would have remained extremely dangerous, as they operated directly behind active front lines, where enemy shelling would have been almost constant. The 110^th Field Ambulance War Diary reported the following on 10^th August 1918:

“10 8/18 – Held fire drill + inspected Camp – Horse lines. Mont Noir Sector was shelled during the night. Sergt Gailley & Private Robinson H. were badly gassed while bringing in Wounded. Robinson died at M. W.S. Weather fine.

11 8/18 – Sgt. Gailley died from effects of Gas poisoning in 62. C.C.S. I visited the forward posts to investigate the casualties”.

Excerpt from the 110th Field Ambulance Royal Army Medical Corp Battalion War Diary from August 1918. James is noted as having been wounded in a gas attack on 10th August, dying from his wounds the following on 11th August. Source: National Archives, Kew.

The War Diary then noted that the usual Church Services were held that evening, no doubt the men of the 110^th Field Ambulance prayed for the recent loss of Private Robinson and Sgt. Gailey. Sergeant James Leitch Gailey’s death was announced in the Weekly Casualty List (War Office & Air Ministry) on Tuesday 17^th September 1918.

The death of Sergeant James Leitch Gailey’s death was announced in the Weekly Casualty List (War Office & Air Ministry) on Tuesday 17th September 1918. “ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS. -Gailey 47016 Sjt. J. L. (Lucan)” Source: British Newspaper Archives.

Most of the gas used during the First World War was delivered via artillery shell. Fired behind the lines it would disrupt logistics and day-to-day activities essential for maintaining the front lines. Unfortunately, it would also indiscriminately effect those who tried to help behind the lines. 

Sergeant James Leitch Gailey was 21 years old when he died in the 62^nd Casualty Clearing Station, which at that time was stationed in Arnèke, North France. James is buried in Bertenacre Military Cemetery, Fletre, Plot I. C. 1., France.

Both James Leitch and his brother Samuel Andrew are recorded in “The Presbyterian Church in Ireland Manse Roll of Honour”. This is a list of all Presbyterian Ministers or their children, who served in the great war. Sgt. James Leitch Gailey is also commemorated on war memorials in St. Andrew’s College, Booterstown and in St. John’s Church, Tower Road, Clondalkin. He is commemorated locally a on a plaque located in the Lucan Presbyterian Church on Main Street.

Memorial plaque, Lucan Presbyterian Church. “In Memory of Sergt. J.L. Gailey R.A.M.C. Who Died from effects of shell gas Received in Action on August 11th, 1918, Aged 21 Years After 4 Years Service Erected by his sorrowing comrades Of the 110th Field Ambulance.” Source: Jonathan Cully.

Both James and his brother Samuel Andrew Gailey appear in the Presbyterian “Manse Roll of Honour” which lists all Ministers and their children who served in the Great War. James’ brother served with as Surgeon with the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve. Source: Manse Roll of Honour, Eddies Extracts.

Great War Roll of Honour, St. John’s Church, Tower Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

St. Andrew’s College, Booterstown, War memorial and memorial window. Both of which are dedicated to the students who were killed in the world wars. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

Panel of the St. Andrew’s College, Booterstown, War memorial featuring the name of James L. Gailey. James appears fifth on the list of names. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

James Leitch Gailey’s gravestone. His grave bears no personal inscription. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Edwige L.

Private Douglas McKay

799352, 15^th Battalion (48^th Highlanders), Canadian Infantry.

Died 2^nd September 1918.

Douglas McKay was born in Lucan on 18^th September 1895. Son of Painter William McKay and Nancy Parish. William McKay was of Scottish origin, while his wife Nancy, was English; both were Methodist. 

Douglas’ father, William McKay, a painter, and decorator, can be found listed in the 1908 Thom’s Directory of Dublin with an address of Lime View Lucan. Four years later, in the 1912 Thom’s Directory of Dublin, William is listed as a contractor, with an address on the Mall, Lucan.

In the 1911 Census Douglas McKay, then aged fifteen, is listed as a painter. Father, William (Painter, 45), mother, Nancy (45), and siblings, Frank (painter, 23), John William (painter, 19), Marion (13), and Thomas Parish (10), are also present. In 1913/14 the McKay family moved to Toronto, Canada, where Douglas McKay would continue the family trade, being employed by the T. Eaton Company as a paperhanger and decorator.

Douglas McKay would enlist with the 134^th Battalion, Canadian Infantry on 17^th January 1916. His mother Nancy was listed as next of kin and the family address was given as 74 Spruce Street, Toronto, Canada. 

Douglas embarked from Halifax on board the S.S. Scotian on 8^th August 1916, disembarking in England on 19^th August. From 8^th August 1916, Douglas McKay was temporarily made Acting Corporal. While stationed in England he acted as an instructor, being attached to both the 108^th and 119^th Battalions, respectively. Douglas McKay was awarded the Good Conduct Badge on 17^th January 1918. He was sent onwards to France in the spring of 1918.

From 14^th February 1918, Douglas McKay reverted to the rank of Private; he was then added to the strength of the 15^th Battalion (48^th Highlanders), on 28^th February 1918. On 2^nd March 1918 he left for the Canadian Corps Reinforcement Camp, joining his new unit the following day on the 3^rd of March.

At the end of August and early September 1918 the 15^th Battalion took part in an attack on the Drocourt-Queant Line (part of the heavily defended Hindenburg Line), in what would be the final allied push for victory in the last one hundred days of the First World War. The 15^th Battalion was tasked with taking a strong point on a high bluff, just forward of the defensive line, known as the “Crow’s Nest” on the 1^st of September 1918. The Battalion quickly overcame the German defences and successfully held off all successive German counterattacks. Taking the Crow’s Nest eliminated a German defensive position that overlooked most of the line, and provided the Canadians with a good “Jumping off” point for their main attack on the Drocourt-Queant Line the following day.

Douglas McKay’s records state that he was killed instantaneously by shrapnel 100 yards from the “Jumping off trench” during the advance on 2^nd September 1918. He was buried two days later, on the 4^th of September. Sadly, his parents would receive the official telegram notifying them of his death on what would have been his 23^rd birthday on the 18^th of September 1918.

Canadian War Grave registration (Circumstances of Casualty) for Douglas McKay noting that he was “Killed in Action” He was instantly killed by enemy shrapnel, when about 100 yards from the “jumping off” trench, North East of Hendecourt-lez-Cagnicourt, while advancing with his Company in an attack on the Queant-Drocourt Line. Source: Fold3.

Fellow Lucanians, John Carroll of the Royal Marine Light Infantry and John Charles Locke, of the 20^th Battalion (Central Ontario), Canadian Infantry would be killed on 3^rd and 8^th September 1918 respectively in the same attack on the Drocourt-Queant Line.

Douglas McKay is buried in Dominion Cemetery, Henecourt-Les- Cagnicourt, Plot I.A.5., France. The personal inscription on his grave reads:

“HE LIVED AND DIED A MAN”

15th Battalion Canadian Expeditionary Force Daily Orders Sheet, listing the names of those killed on 2nd September 1918, Douglas McKay appears fourth from the bottom. Source: 15^th Bn Memorial Project Team, Canadian Virtual War Memorial, Government of Canada.

A photograph of Private Douglas McKay appeared in the Toronto Telegram, September 1918. “PTE. DOUGLAS McKAY. Pte. Douglas McKay. 779352, killed in action, enlisted in the 134^th, won his corporal’s stripes, and for nearly a year acted as instructor in England. He crossed to France last spring. He was born in Ireland, but came to Canada four years ago. He would have had his 23^rd birthday on the day his parents, at 74 Spruce Street, received the official telegram.” Source: Canadian Virtual War Memorial, Government of Canada.

A photograph of Private Douglas McKay appeared in the Toronto Star, 23rd September 1918. “Pte. Douglas McKay Killed. Mr. and Mrs. William McKay, 74 Spruce st., have been notified that their son, Private Douglas McKay, has been killed in action. He joined the 134^th Battalion, January 1915, and was an instructor in England up till last year, when he went to France. He was 23 years of age, and before enlisting was employed by the T. Eaton Company as a paper hanger and decorator. He is survived by his parents, four brothers and one sister. Toronto Star, Sept. 23, 1918. ” Source: Canadian Virtual War Memorial, Government of Canada.

Douglas McKay listed as “Killed” in the Weekly Casualty List (War Office & Air Ministry) 08 October 1918. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

 Douglas McKay’s Record of service Card, with details of his death and burial. “Killed by Shrapnel at Sheet 51B France … in attach on Queant Drocourt line. Death was instantaneous. Death occurred about 100 yards from the jumping off trench while advancing on Sept 2^nd.”  Source: 15^th Bn Memorial Project Team, Canadian Virtual War Memorial, Government of Canada.

Douglas McKay is listed on page 459 of the Canadian First World War Book of Remembrance. Source: Government of Canada.

Grave of Douglas McKay, Dominion Cemetery, Henecourt-Les- Cagnicourt, France. The personal inscription on his grave reads “He lived and died a Man.” Source: 15^th Bn Memorial Project Team, Canadian Virtual War Memorial, Government of Canada. Author: BGen (ret’d) G. Young, submitted by Capt (ret’d) V. Goldman.

Details of the personal inscription on Douglas McKay’s grave. “He lived and died a man.” Source: CWGC.

Private John “Jack” Carroll

PLY/18749, 1st Royal Marine Battalion, Royal Naval Division,
Royal Marine Light Infantry.

Died 3^rd September 1918.

John Carroll was born on 28^th April 1899, Old School House Lane, Lucan. Son of Labourer, John Carroll, and Elizabeth McLoughlin. He was a cousin of fellow Lucanian casualty, Patrick Behan.

On the 1901 Census he is erroneous listed as being 4 years old. Father, John (Farm Labourer, 36), mother, Eliza (35), and siblings, Patrick (Farm Labourer, 11), Eliza (Farm Labourer, 10), Mary (Scholar, 7), and Michael (Scholar, 5), are also present. 

In 1902 father, John, was killed in a horse and cart accident on the Lucan Rd. just outside Chapelizod. The death of John’s father would undoubtedly have put considerable financial pressure on the young family of six children.

In the 1911 Census, John appears as a scholar under the more accurate age of eleven, living in Lucan Town. Mother, Elizabeth (46), and siblings, Elizabeth (Woollen Weaver, 19), Mary (Woollen Weaver, 16), Michael (Unemployed, 14), and Christopher (Scholar, 8), are also present. Eldest brother, Patrick Carroll, can be found living in the house of his aunt, Mary Behan, on Primrose Lane. The family were by then living in 4 Weir View, and many of John’s siblings had jobs in Hill’s Mill. 

Shortly after the outbreak of war in 1914, John’s older brother, Patrick, enlisted with the 4^th Remount Service of the Army Service Corps, leaving for France in April 1915. On the 16^th of February 1916, at the age of sixteen, John enlisted with the Royal Marine Light Infantry. John lied about his age, stating that he was a year older than he really was. His service papers state that his service was forfeited for 72 days between his enlistment and 27^th April, when he would become eighteen under his false age. From 19^th October 1916 to 25^th June 1917 John is recorded as being with the “Plymouth Division”, a Royal Marine garrison at Stonehouse Barracks, Plymouth. From 26th June 1917, John served aboard the Light Cruiser HMS Cordelia, on uneventful patrols of the North Sea. Traditionally, the Royal Marines provided shipboard infantry for security, boarding parties, and small-scale landings. They also traditionally manned the two aftermost gun turrets on Royal Navy ships. Following several months at sea, John was again assigned to the Plymouth Division from 8^th November 1917.

On the 25^th of March 1918, John was transferred to the 1^st Battalion Royal Marine Light Infantry, 63^rd (Royal Naval) Division in France, most likely to counter the German Spring Offensive. From then onwards his division spent most of its time training while occasionally providing brief periods of relief for front line units. In August 1918, the 1^st Battalion R.M.L.I. took part in the Second Battle of Bapaume, seeing action at Logeast Wood, between 21^st and 24^th August, and at Loupart Wood between the 25^th and 28^th August. Soon after, in the closing stages of the 2^nd battle of Arras on 2^nd September 1918, the 1^st Battalion R.M.L.I. moved to an assembly position on the front lines. At 7.45am [Zero plus 2hrs 45mins] Royal Marines advanced in artillery formation through Riencourt to attack and take the 2^nd objective. Fighting lasted throughout the day until the final objective was taken, with the battalion then holding the line. On 3^rd September, the battalion was instructed to proceed to an assembly position with orders to stand by to move at short notice.  Sixteen soldiers were killed during the attack and a further sixty-two were wounded, among them, John, who had been severely wounded by German artillery during the attack. He died from his wounds on the 3^rd of September 1918. His mother later received the partial rosary beads he was carrying at the time of his injury.

John Carroll is buried in Bac-Du-Sud British Cemetery, Bailleulval, IV. A. 13., France. His age is erroneously recorded as eighteen, which matches neither his false enlistment age nor his actual age, which was then nineteen.  The personal inscription on John’s grave reads:

“SACRED HEART OF JESUS
HAVE MERCY ON HIS SOUL
R.I.P.”

John Carroll’s service papers, stamped as being “DISCHARGED”, record his movements with the Royal Marine Light Infantry.  The remark “killed in Action” has been crossed out and corrected with “Died of Wounds.” Johns service papers note a forfeiture of 72 days until he turned 18 under his false enlistment age. Source: National Archives, Kew.

John Carroll served onboard the Light Cruiser HMS Cordelia in the North Sea. Source: Imperial War Museum

John Carroll was listed in the Weekly Casualty List (War Office & Air Ministry) 24 September 1918, as having “Previously reported wounded, now reported DIED OF WOUNDS.” Source: British Newspaper Archive.

No. 4 Weir View, Laraghcon, Lucan, home of the Carroll family. Three men from Weir View were killed during the Great War, John Carroll from No.4, James Hunter from No. 8, and William Lanigan from No. 18. Source: Buildings of Ireland.

John Carroll’s grave, Bac-du-Sud, France. Photograph: Madeline Cully.

Details of the personal inscription John Carroll’s grave. “Sacred Heart of Jesus, Have Mercy on His Soul, R.I.P”. Source: CWGC

The grave location of John Carroll is highlighted in green above. The grave of fellow Lucanian Andrew Brien is highlighted in yellow. Source: CWGC.

Private John Charles Locke

1045963, 20^th Battalion (Central Ontario), Canadian Infantry.

Died 8^th September 1918.

John Charles Locke was born on 18 February 1887, in 3 Synott Row Dublin. Son of Prison Warden, William Henry Locke, and Elizabeth Clark. William Henry Locke was from Devon, England, while Elizabeth Clarke was from Tipperary. John’s father, William appears in the Thom’s Directory of Dublin as the Civil Bills Officer of the Lucan Petty Sessions Court between the years 1900 and 1905. 

The Locke family were living in Lucan by the time of the 1901 census. John, a scholar, appears aged fourteen. Father, William Hy (Sexton of Church of Ireland, 51), mother, Elizabeth (47), and siblings, Elizabeth (Weaver of Wool, 22), Caroline (Weaver of Wool, 20), Philip D (Telegram Messenger, 18), and Maggie H (11), are also present. Between then and the outbreak of the First World War, John emigrated to the United States. His address the time of his enlistment was given as 10 Porters Street, Detroit, Michigan. On 3^rd September 1916 John’s father, William Henry Locke passed away in Lucan at the age of fifty, from acute inflammation of the bowels and heart failure. His occupation was again listed as Sexton. 

On 16^th April 1917, John Charles Locke crossed the river from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States and entered Windsor, Ontario, Canada, where he enlisted with the Canadian 241^st Ontario Regiment. He did so despite the United States, where he then lived, declaring war on Germany on the 6^th of April 1917. His father, though dead, is recorded as being his next of kin; with his address being recorded phonetically as “Lukin”; it’s entirely possible that John may not have known about his father’s passing. Postwar documents show John’s brother, Philip, listed as his next of kin.

John embarked from Halifax onboard the SS. Olympic, on 28^th April 1917, disembarking at Liverpool on 7^th May 1917. On the 26^th of June 1917 John was transferred to the 20^th Battalion (Central Ontario) Canadian Infantry, which he joined, most likely in France, on 27^th June. He was accidentally injured on the 1^st October of 1917, returning to service shortly after on 3^rd November 1918. He was granted 14 days leave between 12^th and 28^th March 1918, ensuring he would miss the brunt of the German Spring Offensive, which was launched on 21^st March 1918. John was admitted to No. 51 General Hospital with a Viral infection between 5^th April and 22^nd June 1918, with his pay and allowance stopped for the duration (79 days); the army’s view being that his ailment was self-inflicted. After recovering from this illness, John returned to service on 23^rd June 1918.

On the 1^st of September 1918 John Charles Locke was shot in the head. He was sent to the 33^rd Casualty Clearing Station, where it is noted in his service papers that he lost both his eyes. He was then sent on to the 14^th General Hospital, where he became dangerously ill and died from his wounds a week later, on the 8^th of September 1918.

John is buried in Terlincthun British Cemetery, Wimille, plot III. C. 27., France.

John Charles Locke’s medical records, noting that he was dangerously by a gunshot wound to the head on 1st September 1918. Source: Library & Archives of Canada.

John Charles Locke’s medical records, noting that he was dangerously by a gunshot wound to the head on 1st September 1918. Source: Library & Archives of Canada.

War Office daily list of Sept. 13^th.  “Locke 1045963 J. C.” is reported as being wounded. Source: National Library of Scotland.

War Office daily list of Sept. 30^th. “Locke 1045963 J. C.” is listed as “Previously reported wounded, now reported DIED OF WOUNDS.” Source: National Library of Scotland.

John Charles Locke is commemorated on page 450 of the Canadian First World War Book of Remembrance in the Memorial Chamber of the Peace Tower in Ottawa, Canada. Source: Government of Canada.

The Grave of John Charles Locke, Terlincthun British Cemetery. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Wayne Brown.

Guardsman George Collins

1031, 4^th Battalion, Guards Machine Gun Regiment.

Died 12^th October 1918.

George Collins was born on 26^th May 1881, Anna Liffey. Son of miller, Michael Collins, and Ann Brown. George’s father, Michael, was a flour miller at the Anna Liffey Mills, now more widely known as Shackleton’s.

George’s parents, Michael and Ann Collins originally came from Ballycastle, Antrim, where they married in 1877. Michael’s work as a miller resulted in the family moving from one mill to another on a regular basis. In 1879 when George’s older sister, Ann was born, the family were living in 2 Andrew Street Belfast, by the birth of George’s younger brother, Thomas, on 14^th May 1893, the family had moved to Mill House on Rutland Avenue, Dolphin’s Barn. 

George did not follow in the footsteps of his father, instead becoming a van driver. In the 1901 Census, George, aged nineteen is still living in Dolphins Barn. He appears on the census form living with his older sister, Annie Collins (20), who is listed as head of the house.

On 11^th May 1905, George married Annie Ellis. Their address was given as 50 Dolphins Barn Street, which was just at the Coombe Maternity Hospital. They had four children together, Mary Josephine (22^nd August 1907), Michael (24^th March 1909), Christina (12^th December 1910), and Annie (16^th August 1913). They do not appear to have spent long at any address, as the address listed on each of their children’s birth Registers is different.

The 1911 Census found the Collins family living in St. Bridget’s Cottages (North Dock, Dublin). 29-year-old George is again recorded as a van driver. Wife, Annie (33), and children, Mary (4), Michael (2), and Christina (5 months), are also present.

In 1914, on the outbreak of war, George Collins enlisted with the Irish Guards (service no. 1002). He arrived in France on the 8^th of December 1914. Soon after in 1915 the Guards Machine Gun Regiment was established, and George Collins was transferred into this newly formed regiment. 

George’s younger brother, Thomas Collins was killed at the Battle of Jutland on 31^st May 1916, when the armoured cruiser HMS Defense was sunk. Another brother, John, was also serving with the Royal Navy, surviving the war.

In October 1918, the 4^th Battalion Guards Machine Gun Regiment were action, supporting the infantry advances in the final days of the First World War. George Collins was wounded in a gas attack, he would unfortunately die from the effects of gas poisoning on 12^th October 1918, one month before the end of the war. Various newspapers articles from the time state that he was killed in the last week of the war, however, it is more likely that news of death had only reached his family by then. The 4^th Battalion Guards Machine Gun Regiment recorded 2 Other Ranks killed, twenty-nine wounded, and sixteen gassed, for the month of October 1918.

George is buried in Carnieres Communal Cemetery Extension, France. Plot: I. A. 1. The personal inscription on his grave reads:

“DEARLY BELOVED HUSBAND OF
ANNIE COLLINS OF KNOCKUMBER
NAVAN, CO. MEATH, IRELAND
R.I.P.”

Ballymoney Free Press and Northern Counties Advertiser 19 December 1918. George’s mother, Annie Brown, was originally from Ballycastle. “December 19, 1918. BALLYCASTLE NOTES. Official intimation has been received that Sergeant George Collins, Irish Guards, was killed in action during the last week of the war. His brother, Tom, went down with H.M.S. Defence in the Jutland battle; and his brother John is serving in the Royal Navy. He was a nephew of Mr. John Brown, Broughmore, Ballycastle”. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Belfast Weekly Telegraph 21 December 1918. George’s mother, Annie Brown, was originally from Ballycastle, and the Collins family had previously lived in Belfast. “Sergeant George Collins, Irish Guards, nephew of Mr. John Brown, Broughmore, Ballycastle, was killed in action during the last week of the war. A brother of deceased went down with H.M.S. Defence in the Jutland battle. Another is still in the Navy”. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Grave of George Collins. Photograph courtesy of Roisin Hall Floyd, Great-granddaughter of George Collins.

Details of the personal inscription on George Collins’s grave. “Dearly beloved husband of Annie Collins of Knockumber Navan, Co. Meath, Ireland R.I.P.” Source: CWGC.

Lancer Thomas Farrell

L/15367, 5^th (Royal Irish) Lancers, Company of Lancers. 

Died 12^th November 1918.

Thomas Farrell was born in Ballydowd, Lucan, on 11^th August 1899. Son of Carpenter, Patrick Farrell, and Mary Carty.

In 1901 Thomas Farrell, aged 1, can be found in Trubley, Kilcooly, Meath, living with his grandparents Bryan and Jane Carty, and two older brothers. A Bryan Carty appears on the marriage register of Patrick Farrell of Lucan and Mary Carty, as father of the bride. According to Thomas Farrell’s Dependent’s Pension Card, his mother, Mary, later had an address of 25 St. Patrick’s Terrace, Navan. 

Thomas does not qualify for the 1914-15 Star on his Medal Index Card, indicating that he would not have entered a theatre of war until after 1915. He would not have been old enough to qualify for front line service until he turned 18 in August of 1917, though this doesn’t mean that he didn’t lie about his to enlist before then, as seems to be the case for a lot of young men.

An article for RTE “The last to die – Irishmen and the final day of the First World War”, by Mike Cronin, states that Thomas Farrell was wounded in the fighting around Mons on 10^th November 1918. The capture of Mons in the last days of the war was a purely symbolic (and controversial) victory for the Allies given the imminent end of hostilities on the western front planned for the following day, at 11am on the 11^th of November. The French and British had been forced to surrender the town to German occupation four years previously at the beginning of the war, and it was deemed fitting that the town should be recaptured before the war ended. 

On the night of 9^th/10^th November 1918, the 5^th (Irish) Lancers Battalion War Diary noted that the Battalion received orders to move in a north-easterly direction and cross the canal at 4a.m.; to support and protect the left flank of the 7^th Canadian Brigade. The 5^th Lancers, with “D” Squadron forming an advance guard, successfully crossed the canal at 4.30 a.m. and continued onwards unopposed through VILLE POMMEROEUL-HAUTRAGE-TERTRE to DOUVRIN; where they were forced to stop and clear the under passage of a railway bridge that the enemy had destroyed. While clearing the under passage, the men came under fire from enemy high explosive and gas shells.

After moving onwards, the march was again halted when word was received that nearby units had made contact with the enemy.  “D” Squadron in the advance guard endeavoured to press onwards, and a patrol of troops from “A” Squadron was sent out to the left of GHLIN, with orders to engage the enemy if necessary. Soon after word came back that both the advanced guard and the patrol were engaged with the enemy, forcing “him” to retire. The 8^th Corps then pushed through the enemy and the patrol from “A” Squadron was withdrawn. The men of “A” Squadron of the 5^th (Royal Irish) Lancers and “D” Battery of the Royal Horse Artillery were then withdrawn to billets in JEMAPPES. However, during the withdrawal they came under heavy artillery fire from the enemy and several casualties were taken. By 5p.m. “D” Squadron of the advance guard were relieved by the Canadian Infantry and returned to Billets in JEMAPPES. “C” Squadron who had remained in the command of the Canadians later returned to billets. 

The following day on 11^th November 1918, the 5^th Lancers Battalion War Diary noted that “A” Squadron was ordered to take part in the rush through MONS to seize the high ground above ST. DENIS at 7.45a.m. The Squadron reached ST. DENIS at 9a.m. and immediately made contact with German patrols. The Battalion War Diary then noted that “Hostilities ceased at 11a.m. + “A” Squadron accordingly took up defensive positions on this high ground”.

The fighting had stopped, but it was too late for Thomas Farrell, who tragically died from wounds on the 12^th of November 1918, one day after the fighting ended. “The last to die – Irishmen and the final day of the First World War” article notes that Thomas Farrell of Lucan was the last Irish man to die in the First World War. A Casualty report for November 1918 in the 5^th Lancers Battalion War Diary records 16 men wounded on the 10^th of November 1918. Thomas Farrell would have been among them.

According to the Combined Irish Regiments Association, 16 soldiers of the 5^th (Royal Irish) Lancers were to die after the 11^th of November 1918 Armistice. The last British casualty of the war before the Armistice came into effect was also from the 5^th (Royal Irish) Lancers, a Private George Ellison, who was shot by a German sniper only minutes before fighting ceased.

Thomas Farrell is buried in Valenciennes (St. Roch) Communal Cemetery, plot I. D. 7., France.

Casualty report for the end of November 1918 from the 5th (Irish) Lancers Battalion War Diary. 16 other ranks are listed as having been wounded on action on the 10th of November 1918. Source: National Archives, Kew.

Combined Irish Regiments’ Old Comrades Association Roll of Honour – 1918 to 1921, which lists the deaths of 16 men of the 5th Lancers after the 11th of November 1918, Thomas Farrell among them. Combined Irish Regiments’ Old Comrades Association.

Photograph of Thomas Farrell’s Grave. Author: Caroline Brady.

Lance Corporal Francis Ellis

08517, Royal Army Ordnance Corps,
Attd. to staff of Deputy Assistant Director of Ordnance Services of the 75th Division.

Died 20^th December 1918.

Francis Ellis was born in Lucan on 26^th December 1896. Son of Labourer, Thomas Ellis, and Teresa Kilduff. His name appears as Frank on his birth register.

In the 1901 census, Francis Stephen Ellis, aged four, can be found living on Hospital Lane (Ushers Quay, Dublin), with his parents, Thomas (Brick Layers Labourer, 32), mother, Teresa (38), and younger sister, Mary Anne (1).

In 1911 the Ellis family can be found living in house 17, Sarah Place, New Kilmainham, Dublin. 14-year-old Francis was then employed as a Telegraph Messenger in the General Post Office, Sackville St. Father, Thomas (Builders Labourer, 43), mother, Teresa (40), and siblings, Mary Anne (Scholar, 12), Elizabeth (Scholar, 9), William (Scholar, 6), and Kathleen (3), are also present.

Francis Ellis served with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps during the First World War. The Royal Army Ordnance Corps was solely responsible for the supply and maintenance of munitions, weaponry, and other military equipment. Francis entered service in Gallipoli and the Aegean Islands theatre on 18^th October 1915. He was later attached to the staff of the Deputy Assistant Director of Ordnance Services of the 75^th Division. This would have happened sometime after 16^th March 1917, when the 75^th Division was formed by units of the Territorial Forces arriving to Egypt from India.

The Armistice of Salonica, signed between Bulgaria and the Allies, came into effect on 30^th September 1918, while the Ottoman empire had signed the Treaty of Mudros, an armistice to end fighting on the 31^st of October 1918. L.Cpl. Francis Ellis died in Egypt on 20^th December 1918, though the exact cause of death remains unclear. His Dependent’s Pension Card doesn’t list an exact cause of death, merely stating that Francis was “dead”. With fighting in the region having ceased two months prior to his death, it is possible that Francis died from illness. Disease was common in the hot climate of the East, with malaria being particularly common. As the war was ending however, a dark shadow which had been masked by the war (and covered up by governments) began to emerge more clearly. The 1918 “Spanish” Influenza. The start of the 1918 pandemic began as early as February 1918 and would last until early/mid 1920. First reported in Egypt in the spring of 1918, a deadly surge took hold of the region in December. Francis Ellis, therefore, could have been a victim of the 1918 ‘flu.

Francis is Lucan’s last First World War casualty. He is buried in the Kantara War Memorial Cemetery, plot F. 305. Egypt. The personal grave inscription, paid for by his mother, reads:

“SACRED HEART OF JESUS
HAVE MERCY ON HIS SOUL”

The handwritten Informal WIll of Frank Ellis, Dated 2nd November 1917. It reads: “In the event of my death I give the whole of my property & effects to my mother, Mrs Teresa Ellis, 21 Sarah Place Island Bridge Dublin Ireland.” The will was signed and dated by Francis Ellis while he was “In the field.” Source: National Archives of Ireland.

Figure 189  Details of the personal inscription on Francis Ellis’s grave. “Sacred heart of Jesus, Have mercy on his soul.” Source: CWGC.

—– 1919 —–

Irish War of Independence

Laurence Kennedy

Civilian.

Died 28^th December 1919.

A Laurence Kennedy of Lucan was reported to have been killed by British forces on Sunday 28^th December 1919. Laurence Kennedy was born in Leixlip on 13^th August 1872, son of Labourer Michael Kennedy and Margaret Cluster.

In 1901, Lawrence, aged twenty-six, can be found living St. Catherine’s Park Lucan. His occupation is listed as that of a Groom. Also, present are his mother Margaret and brothers, Michael, Peter, and James. A Christopher Bracken is listed as a lodger.

In 1911, Lawrence appears in Cooldrinagh, with the more accurate age of thirty-eight. He is still an Agricultural Labourer. His 75-year-old mother and brothers Michael and James are present.

On the evening of Saturday 27^th December 1919, Laurence Kennedy was released from Dr Steeven’s Hospital, where he had received treatment for a head injury. Bandaged and notably very drunk, Laurence Kennedy made his way home to Castleknock via the Phoenix Park. Between 1.30 and 2.25am in morning of Sunday 28^th, a patrol of the 2^nd South Lancashire Regiment, under the command of a Lieutenant Frederick Boast, left the grounds of the Viceregal Lodge in the Phoenix Park, after gunshots were allegedly heard. The soldiers guarding the Lodge had been on high alert, as the I.R.A. had attempted to assassinate the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, The Viscount French, only a few days earlier on the 19^th of December.

The British patrol advanced down the main road and into the night, where they came upon a bewildered Laurence Kennedy. He was challenged and ordered to stop, but being deaf in one ear, and drunk, he proceeded on his way putting his hands in his pockets. This action alarmed the approaching patrol and Laurence was physically apprehended. A scuffle then ensued, during which it was alleged that Laurence grabbed for the throat of Lt. Boast. One of the patrolling British soldiers then bayonetted Laurence, and in the confusion two shots were fired. Lt. Boast cried out that he had been hit and staggered back, mortality wounded. A severely wounded, Laurence, tried to crawl away, but one of the British soldiers stood over him and fired a shot to “finish him”. Sometime later two more British soldiers arrived at the scene of the incident and while they inspected the body of Laurence, a struggle broke out and a further two shots were fired at Laurence Kennedy. 

Following the deaths of Laurence Kennedy and Lt. Frederick Boast, a Coroner’s Inquiry was held for each of the victims. The statements given by the British soldiers proved to be contradictory and lacking in merit. Of the original three soldiers, one claimed that a seemingly unarmed Laurence Kennedy had been aided by up to six unknown accomplices, who fired at them from the side of the road. The second claimed that Laurence had produced an automatic revolver, and the third claimed that Laurence reached for the revolver of the deceased officer, after being attacked and shot. One of the two soldiers who arrived later, claimed that Laurence fired two shots at him when he turned over the “dead” body to inspect it. Yet this was contradicted by the testimony from a soldier of the original party, who stated that Laurence put up a struggle when turned over; but did not fire any shots before being killed. The mystery gun Laurence was claimed to have had was never found.

The Jury at the inquiry found that the British patrol had acted in “a most heartless manner” in killing an innocent and unarmed man, as he made his way home through the park. They concluded on the evidence, that Lt. Boast had been accidentally killed by his own men, who had lost their self-control. That the soldiers, in their confusion, had fired all the shots themselves, as the existence of the six assailants, who supposedly aided Laurence, was deemed unlikely. When the coroner recommended it be noted that Lt. Boast was “killed in the execution of his most responsible duty”, it was flatly refused by the Inquest Jury. 

The killing of Laurence Kennedy undoubtedly fuelled the fire of an intensifying War of Independence, which had begun earlier that year. Newspaper reports on the incident show that public support for British rule in Ireland was wanning fast, a stark comparison to the support shown in papers at the start of the Great War in 1914.

Laurence was buried in Leixlip, his family would afterwards appoint Rodger Greene and Sons solicitors to take proceedings against the Secretary for State of War.

Death Register of Laurence Kennedy. Source: Irishgenealogy.ie.

Irish Independent 30 December 1919. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Dublin Evening Telegraph 31st December 1919, Notes the Appointment of solicitor Thomas Greene of Roger Greene and Sons to take proceedings against the Secretary of State for War to recover compensation for the death of Laurence Kennedy. “Essential Points to be Cleared Up in Phoenix Park Tragedy. WHO WAS IN CHARGE OF GUARD? Park Gates Closed at Nightfall; Barbed Wire Around the Lodge. So far there is no stated development of Sunday morning’s tragic incident in Phoenix Park, but it is understood that the military authorities are considering the advisability of holding an inquiry into the occurrence that resulted in the deaths of lieut. Boast and Laurence Kennedy. The desirability – the necessity even – of holding such an investigation is generally recognised, not only in Dublin and Irelan, but in England, where, as will be seen from an extract printed below, the London “Daily Express” says “a further military inquiry is demanded.” Many aspects of the horrible affair suggest the need for an exhaustive inquiry, but that to which, perhaps, the greatest attention is directed is the command of the guard at the Viceregal Lodge. At the inquest, Lieutenant Boast was described as the second in command, but there was no indication as to whom he was subordinate, or as to the rank of his superior office. It is thought remarkable, if the office in command gave Lieutenant Boast orders- to leave the Viceregal grounds on his fatal mission, that that officer was not examined. It would be equally strange that the unfortunate officer should have set out without any instructions. Those, therefore, are considerations vital to the clearing up of this whole tragedy. We understand that Mr. Thomas Greene, of the firm of Rodger Greene and Sons, solicitors, Dublin, has been instructed by relatives of Laurence Kennedy to take proceedings against the Secretary of State for War to recover compensation for his death.” Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Belfast Telegraph 31st December 1919, Notes that Laurence Kennedy is to be buried in Leixlip. “It is stated that the remains of Laurence Lieutenant Boast, the victim of the Phoenix Park shooting, which remain at King George V. Military Hospital, will be removed to Richmond Barracks, whence the funeral will be held on Thursday. The remains of Laurence Kenndey, the civilian victim, will be removed for interment at Leixlip”. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

—– 1920 —–

William Angus Abel

Air Mechanic 2^nd Class, Royal Air Force (

Died 28^th December 1920.

William Angus Abel was born in Rossdohan, Co. Kerry, on 17^th May 1894. Son of Gardener, William Abel and Mary Mckenzie. Both of William’s parents were originally from Scotland. 

William’s brother, John, was also born in Co. Kerry (according to the 1911 Census). However, the family moved around Ireland, possibly due to William’s (Snr.) profession as a land steward/gardener. George Abel was born in Roseboro, Naas, Co. Kildare, on 2^nd December 1897, where their father’s occupation was then recorded as Land Steward. In 1902 on the birth of their brother, Rodrick, the Abel family lived in Honey Park Lodge, Rathdown, Co. Dublin, where William worked as a gardener. In 1904 on birth of brother, Walter, in Roscommon, the family lived in Charles Town, where William worked as a Labourer.

The Abel family do not appear to have been recorded in the 1901 Census. In the 1911 Census, the Abel family can be found living in Finnstown, Lucan. Father, William (45, Grocer), mother, Mary (43), and brothers, John (14, scholar), George (10, Scholar), Rodrick (8, scholar), and Walter (6, scholar), are also present. The family religion is noted as being Presbyterian. Only four of their five children are present at the time of the census; William, then 17 years of age, does not appear. On 6^th November 1912, William Snr., passed away in Hospital, aged 50. It was noted on his death register that he was from Finnstown, Lucan. His occupation was recorded as a Gardener.

After the out-break of the First World War William Abel enlisted with the Royal Garrison Artillery, service number 48259. His brother John enlisted with the Royal Army Medical corps. John Abel survived the war, and according to “The First World War Dead of County Kildare” later joined the Irish Free State Army. Their younger brother, George, enlisted with Army Service Corps. George Abel would later transfer to the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, and later to the Royal Munster Fusiliers. He would unfortunately be killed in action during the German Spring Offensive in March 1918.

William Abel arrived in France with the Royal Garrison Artillery on 12^th October 1915, qualifying for the 1914-15 Star medal. The Royal Garrison Artillery were responsible for manning the guns of British forts, fortresses, and coastal batteries across the empire. They also manned the heavy guns attached to each of the Infantry divisions, railway guns, and the guns of the siege Artillery. The Royal Garrison Artillery were usually stationed well behind the front lines, due to the indirect fire of the heavy large calibre guns and howitzers they operated. 

William Abel’s Medal Index Card shows that he was demobilised “Class Z” (To be called up again for service should fighting resume) on 6^th March 1919. Just over a year later, on 15^th March 1920, William enlisted with the Royal Air Force on 15^th March 1920. Only five months later, on 27^th August 1920, he died suddenly of apoplexy in Sick Bay 238 Squadron Cattewater, Devon, England. Apoplexy is death caused by cerebral haemorrhage or stroke. William is buried in a Commonwealth War Graves Commission grave, as his death was deemed to be connected to his wartime service. It is possible, and warrants further investigation, that William may have sustained and injury, either physical or mental, that may have resulted in his death post war.

William is buried in Hooe (St. John) Churchyard Extension, United Kingdom. Plot 7N.13. He is also commemorated alongside his brother, George Abel, on a war memorial cross located in Christ Church, Castletown Avenue, Celbridge, Co. Kildare. This memorial, together with William being commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, further suggests that William’s death was a result of his war-time service. William, George, and their brother John are also recorded on wartime and post war Rolls of Honour in the same church. William and George Abel are the only cases of two brothers being listed as Lucan casualties. 

Many thanks to “The World War 1 Dead of County Kildare” for the confirmation of William’s service numbers, which I had until now been unable to confirm.

William Abel is commemorated on a memorial cross in Christ Church, Castletown Avenue, Celbridge, Co. Kildare. His brother, George, is also listed, having died during the war while serving with the Royal Munster Fusiliers. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

“ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE ABEL, WILLIAM ABEL, GEORGE BROOKE, MAURICE CANE, FREDERICK HINCH, FREDERICK MAGAN, JAMES THOMPSON, WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE GREAT WAR 1914-1918. THEIR NAMES LIVETH FOR EVER”

William Abel is commemorated on the Roll of Honour of those serving from the Parish, Christ Church, Castletown Avenue, Celbridge, Co. Kildare. As this Document was made during the war, William is listed as serving with the Garrison Artillery.  His brothers, John, and George Abel are also listed. John survived the war, later joining the Free State Army in 1922, while Geroge was killed during the German Spring Offensive in March 1918. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

William Abel is commemorated on the post-war Roll of those who served, Christ Church, Castletown Avenue, Celbridge, Co. Kildare. His brothers, John, and George Abel are also listed. Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum.

Commonwealth War Graves Commission Index for Hooe (St. John) Churchyard Extension, Plymstock. Source: CWGC.

William’s grave in Hooe (St. John) Churchyard Extension, United Kingdom. Plot 7N.13. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Andy Cooke.

Volunteer (John) Sean Doyle 

“F” Company, 4^th Battalion Engineers, Dublin Brigade, Irish Republican Army.

Died 19^th September 1920.

John (Sean) Doyle was born on 13^th June 1901, in 13 South Terrace, Inchicore, Dublin. Son of Great Southern & Western Railway engine fitter, Peter (Peader) Doyle, and Kathleen Coleman. 

During the 1916 Rising, Sean’s father acted as Quartermaster General to the 4^th Battalion’s “F” Company, Dublin Brigade, Irish Volunteers, serving under Eamon Ceannt, in the South Dublin Union. 15-year-old Sean Doyle acted as a dispatch carrier for the Volunteers in the same area. Both father and son were arrested for their part in the rebellion, though Sean was soon released due to his age. Peadar was sentence to 10 years penal servitude and initially imprisoned in Britain, however, he was released early in 1917. Sean would later join the Volunteers 4^th Battalion Engineers. 

At 11.00 a.m. on Sunday 19^th September, Sean Doyle left the family home, on Emmet Road, Inchicore, and made his way to an explosives demonstration that was due to be held in the Dublin Mountains. Meanwhile, British forces, acting on knowledge of increased Volunteer activity in the Dublin Mountains., garrisoned a sizeable party of the Auxiliary Division of Royal Irish Constabulary in St. Columba’s College. Despite knowing that British forces were active in the area, the volunteers proceeded with the planned explosives demonstration.

Becoming aware that a large body of men were carrying out drills nearby, Auxiliaries forces from the garrison at St. Columba’s College maneuvered into position, surrounding, and ambushing the volunteers; most of who were taken prisoner without incident. Several “straggling groups” of volunteers, however, were still arriving up the Kilmashogue Hill to join the main drill. One of these groups, consisting of Sean Doyle and four other volunteers, was fired upon as it approached the area. During this gunfire Sean Doyle was shot and killed.

Forty-two volunteers were apprehended at the drill. They were afterwards held under armed guard at the Bridewell. As word of the ambush spread, large crowds began to follow the lorries that conveyed the prisoners to their captivity, with many cheering and singing in support of the prisoners. Sean Doyle’s body was removed to the King George V. Military Hospital, where an inquiry was set to take place on Tuesday the 21^st of September. The inquiry, however, had to be postponed until the 22^nd of September, due to the nonattendance of a sufficient number of jurors; caused by added pressure placed on hospital staff following subsequent shootings at North Kings Street and Portobello Barracks.

The postponement of the inquiry resulted in a delay releasing Sean Doyle’s body, which coupled with poor communication from the authorities, caused great unrest among the masses of people who had begun to gather outside the hospital to attend Sean Doyle’s expected removal. By 7.20p.m. the crowd of people outside the hospital had grown to the 100’s and refused requests by hospital authorities to leave the vicinity. The Freeman’s Journal reported:

“About 7.30p.m. an armoured car came leering up Parkgate Street and swept at breakneck speed through the masses of people. It faced towards the assembly in the hospital grounds, and a Lewis gun was trained on the people, the car slowly moving and forcing them back Excitement was running high, when two priests intervened, and placing themselves between the people and the armoured car, earnestly exhorted the people to keep calm and preserve discipline like true Irishmen. The advice of the clergymen was acted on, and everything passed off quietly”.

The crowd, including people bearing floral tributes and bands, began to disperse around 8.30p.m. It was then announced that any updates on the removal of Sean Doyle’s body would be announced in the evening papers on September 22^nd, subject to the conclusion of the inquiry.

The inquiry on Wednesday 22^nd September heard conflicting evidence from Auxiliary witnesses. Auxiliary witnesses claimed that the Volunteers had fired a revolver at them when asked to stop, and that Sean Doyle had been facing them when shot, and looked as if he was attempting to pull something from his pocket; inconsistent with the evidence that Sean Doyle had been shot in the back. The auxiliary is question then changed his story to say that Sean Doyle turned while attempting to draw something from his pocket. The initial hearing would ultimately be adjourned until Monday 27^th September, to hear further evidence from arrested volunteer witnesses.

At the continuation of the inquest on the 27^th, a volunteer witness, recalled being unarmed and hearing no revolver shots being fired prior to being shot at by the Auxiliaries; many newspaper articles also reported that the volunteers were unarmed. One of the volunteers arrested from the group recalled that he had seen a figure appear at a gap in a ditch, just before shouts of “Halt! Hands up!” were shouted, followed by an instantaneous volley of rifle fire. The volunteer recalled hearing bullets pass overhead as he lay down for cover, and a second volley of shots being fired. Testimonials were given by volunteer witnesses that orders to “Shoot through the heart” were heard. Afterwards, while the small party of volunteers was being held at gun point, a Major Dudley was reported to have said “If they move, fire, don’t miss, shoot them dead” and “If any of my men are fired on, I will shoot this bunch”.

One volunteer from the group of five managed to escape, it is possible that Sean Doyle was shot in the same attempt.  While lying down, after surrendering, one of the three captured volunteers recalled seeing the boy he believed to be Sean Doyle lying down with his head resting on his arm. 

A bomb was said to have been found in a pocket of the overcoat that Sean Doyle was alleged to have been wearing at the time of his death, however the inquest established that Sean Doyle left his house that morning without a coat. His father also testified that Sean’s only coat remained at home. It was concluded that Sean Doyle was wearing a borrowed overcoat and suggested that he may not have known about the bomb in the pocket. Despite the presence of a bomb in the borrowed coat, however, it was argued that it was no cause to shoot him without giving him a chance to surrender or explain his conduct.  After deliberating for three quarters of an hour, the jury at the inquest found:

 “That the deceased, John Doyle, died on the 19^th inst. from shock and haemorrhage following a gunshot fired by the armed forces of the Crown”.

It was established by the coroner that Sean Doyle was shot in the back, with the bullet entering his lung, causing instant death. Sean was aged just 19 years old. He is reported to be the first rebel to be killed by the Auxiliaries in Ireland. Newspaper announcement for his removal proudly highlight his membership with the I.R.A., highlighting the sway of public support for independence.

Large crowds followed his funeral after his removal from James Street Church to The Oblates Church of Mary Immaculate, Inchicore, Dublin; with the Cyclist Corps of the Volunteers forming the advance guard, followed by the St. James’s Band playing the Dead March. Among those in attendance were very prominent figures, such as Arthur Griffith and W. T. Cosgrove. The funeral afterwards left the Oblates Church at 3pm for internment in (Old) New Esker Cemetery, Lucan. 

Death Register of John (Sean) Doyle of Inchicore, Dublin. Sean’s occupation was recorded as a fitter at the Inchicore Works. Source: Irishgenealogy.ie.

The Evening Echo, Tuesday September 21, 1920, Part I. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

The Evening Echo, Tuesday September 21, 1920, Part I. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Death Notice of Sean Doyle, I.R.A. Evening Herald, Tuesday, September 21, 1920. “Doyle (Inchicore)-Sean Doyle, I.R.A. Remains will be removed from Military Hospital, Infirmary Road to Church of Mary Immaculate, Inchicore, at 7.30 o’clock sharp this evening. Mass at 9.30 to-morrow, and funeral to Esker Churchyard (Lucan), at 2 o’clock.” Due to the inquiry being delayed and the Sean’s body not being released, this never happened. Poor communication from the authorities caused 100s of people to turn up at the hospital regardless, leading to scenes of heightened tension. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Details of the delayed removal of Sean Doyle’s body from hospital, Freemans Journal, Wednesday, September 22, 1920, Part II “Crowd Assembles to Escort Sean Doyle’s Remains – MILITARY INTERVENTION The removal of the remains of Mr. Sean Doyle, the young Volunteer who met his death under such tragic circumstances at Kilmashogue on Sunday last, had to be postponed last night owing to the adjournment of the inquest, consequent on the non-attendance of a sufficient number of jurors. This decision was arrived at too late to notify the general public, so, as early as 7 p.m. large crowds were wending their way towards King George’s Hospital, to pay reverent respect to the remains of the young Irishman. As time went by crowds were thronging the adjoining streets, and about 7.20 p.m. some hundreds had assembled in the laneway leading to the hospital. These people had received no official intimation that the body would not be removed to Inchicore church, and refusing to entertain the statements made by the hospital authorities to that e2ffect, they declined to leave the neighbourhood of the hospital. Armoured Car on the Scene. About 7.30 p.m. an armoured car came learing up Parkgate street and swept at breakneck speed through the masses of people.it faced towards the assembly in the hospital grounds, and a Lewis gun was trained on the people, the car slowly moving and forcing them back. Excitement was running high, when two priests intervened, and placing themselves between the people and the armoured car, earnestly exhorted the people to keep calm and preserve discipline like true Irishmen. The advice of the clergymen was acted on, and everything passed off quietly. As late as 8.30 p.m. people bearing floral tributes were homeward bound, somewhat disappointed at the unexpected turn matters had taken regarding the public procession to Inchicore. Several bands turned up and were informed of the postponement by the father of the boy martyr. To avoid further disappointment of family sympathisers and the public, it is now announced that should the inquest conclude to-day, the body will be removed at 7.30 p.m. this evening to the Oblate Church, Inchicore. The funeral arrangements will be announced in this evening’s papers. RESOLUTION OF SYMPATHY. The members of the Inchicore, Ch—- and County Dublin Branch of the Town Tenants’ League have passed a resolution in which they tender to Councillor P. S. Doyle, Mrs P. S. Doyle, and family, deepest sympathy in the loss of their son (Mr. Sean Doyle). The resolution was passed in silence”. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

 Details of the funeral of Sean Doyle from Freemans Journal, Thursday, September 23, 1920. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Memorial Card for Sean Doyle. “Sacred Heart of Jesus Have mercy on the soul of SEAN DOYLE, 4th Batt. Engineers, I.R.A. Inchicore, Dublin. who was shot at Kilmashogue Co. Dublin on SUNDAY, 19th SEPT., 1920 by the armed forces of the British Crown. AGED 19 YEARS. Interred in Esker Cemetery, Lucan, Co. Dublin.” Source: Find A Grave. Author: Janet.

A “Republican” funeral in Ireland: “Volunteers” taking a comrade’s coffin, covered with the Sinn Fein flag, from the church at Inchicore”. Source: Gerard Byrne (Facebook).

Funeral of Seán Doyle, F Company 4th Battalion, Dublin Brigade, 1920. Source: The National Museum of Ireland.

Sean Doyle’s grave in the Roman Catholic section of the (Old) New Esker Cemetery. The inscription reads “In Loving Memory of Sean Doyle 4^th Batt. Engineers, I. R. A. Late of Inchicore, Dublin, who was shot by British Armed Forces at Kilmashogue, Co. Dublin, on Sunday 19^th Sept. 1920…” Source: Jonathan Cully.

Newspaper snippet from the 1930’s “League of Youth. – Women members of the League of Youth marching to the grave of Sean Doyle, at Lucan, County Dublin, on Sunday.” Source: Gerard Byrne (Facebook).

Where Sean Doyle Sleeps, Evening Herald, Monday, September 27, 1920. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Sergeant Michael Hallissy

59218, Royal Irish Constabulary.

Died 30^th March 1921.

Michael Hallissy was born on 29^th September 1879, in Cahirciveen, Co. Kerry. Son of Farmer, Denis Hallissy, and Mary Fitzgerald.

Michael joined the Royal Irish Constabulary on 16^th November 1899 and served in Counties Tipperary and Galway. Michael also served with the Royal Irish Constabulary Reserves. 

In the 1911 Census, a Sergeant “M. H.” of the Royal Irish Constabulary, age 31, and originally from Kerry appears in Hospital in Killadreenan, Newcastle Lower, Wicklow. It is noted that he was admitted to the hospital from Dublin four months prior, to receive treatment for Pulmonary Tuberculosis. The census entry notes that “M.H.” was married. Though records show that Michael Hallissy married Mary Loughnane, in Borrisoleigh, Tipperary, on 14^th February 1914.

Marriage register for Michael Hallissy and Mary Loughnane, who were married in the Roman Catholic Church of Borrisoleigh, Tipperary, on 14^th February 1914. 

In February of 1921, Irish Volunteers, began seizing British military transport vehicles, after which they would “destroy it either by fire or by putting it out of action by smashing it up”. On 30^th March 1921, a British military lorry was captured and subsequently burnt-out in the vicinity of the Nugget Factory at Bluebell. On receiving word of the incident in Bluebell, the Royal Irish Constabulary sent out a four-man bicycle patrol from the District Headquarters at Lucan Barracks. While Head constable Edward Joseph Mulrooney, sergeant Michael Hallissy, constables, William Neill, and Martin Keary, examined the remains of the burnt-out lorry, the No. 4 Section of the recently formed Active Service Unit of the Dublin Brigade, I.R.A., which was active in the area, decided to set an ambush for the police constables near the railway bridge at Ballyfermot. At around 13:30, as the police were returning to Lucan Barracks, they were fired on by the Irish Volunteers who lay in wait. Sergeant Hallissy was killed, with head constable Mulrooney, and constable Neill being seriously wounded after returning fire. Constable Keary managed to make a “miraculous escape” to cover. Following the attack, Head Constable Edward J. Mulrooney was helped to The Fox and Geese public house by Constable Neill. They were then brought to Mrs Farren of Red Cow to use a phone (interestingly Mrs Farren was the aunt of 2^nd Lieutenant John Francis McDonagh, who is also recorded in this document). When word of the incident reached Lucan Barracks “Crown forces were hurried to the scene”, the I.R.A. however, had long gone. 

Padraig O’Connor, of the No. 4 Section of the A.S.U., who later participated in the escape of Ernie O’Malley from Kilmainham Jail, was present for the ambush, later recording the incident in a military pension witness statement. He noted that unit broke command regulations by taking it on themselves to “attack any British patrol company or party that came our way.” Following the success of this ambush on the Lucan R.I.C. patrol, the Active Service Unit no longer had to wait for A.S.U. Company Staff to sanction attacks, a regulation which Padraig noted:

“…resulted in the hold up of a number of operations, as by the time a likely operation was reported to Headquarters, the possibility of taking it on no longer existed. This resulted in, as far as our section was concerned, that we were waiting for orders, under arms, and doing nothing.”

Had the No. 4 Section of the A.S.U. followed command regulations, it is likely that the ambush may not have happened.

Michael Hallissy’s body was removed from the scene back to Lucan Barracks, his death register records that he died from “Shock + Haemorrhage following gunshot wounds – Homicidal” at the 7^th Canal Lock “Crumlin”. Michael was noted as being 41 years old at the time. A military court of inquiry into the incident was held on 1^st April 1921. Sergeant Michael Hallissy was buried in the Royal Irish Constabulary plot in Glasnevin Cemetery. His wife, Mary, received compensation of £1,950, a significant sum of money for the time. Head Constable Edward J. Mulrooney would later die from his wounds on the 4^th of April 1921.

Death Register of Michael Halissy, which notes that he died from “Shock + Haemorrhage following gunshot wounds – Homicidal.” Source: Irishgenealogy.ie.

Belfast News-Letter 31 March 1921. “POLICE AMBUSHED. Sergeant Killed – Head Constable and constable Wounded. COUNTY DUBLIN OUTRAGE. An official report issued last night states that at 1.30 yester afternoon a cycle patrol, consisting of a head constable and three policemen, was ambushed near Lucan Co. Dublin. Sergeant Hallisey was Killed and Head Constable Mulrooney and Constable Neill were badly wounded. A Press Association message states that the patrol had left Dublin earlier in the day. Head-Constable Mulrooney served for many years in Belfast, where he was a well-known member of the detective force, being attached to Glenravel Street Barracks. He attained the rank of sergeant some years ago, and in October last was promoted to the rank of head-constable, being subsequently transferred to Dublin”. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Ballymena Weekly Telegraph 09 April 1921. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Michael Hallissy is buried in the Royal Irish Constabulary plot in Glasnevin Cemetery. His details are recorded on the memorial panel as follows: “Michael Hallisy Sergt. Died 30th Mar. 1921 Aged 42” Source: Find a Grave, Author: HC.

Head Constable Edward Joseph Mulrooney

55316, Royal Irish Constabulary.

Died 4^th April 1921.

Edward Joseph Mulrooney was born on 20^th February 1874, in Garyowen Place, Co. Limerick. Son of police constable, Patrick Mulrooney, and Elizabeth Ahern. Edward’s mother died sometime before his 9^th birthday, with his father remarrying Catherine Colleavy in Mount Bellew, Galway on 6^th March 1886.

Edward worked as a clerk in a shop prior to joining the Royal Irish Constabulary on 1^st April 1892. Initially serving in Co. Cavan, Edward later served in Belfast, where he was stationed in Henry Street. He was then appointed to the Detective Staff and attached to Musgrave Street. On promotion to Sergeant, he moved to Glenravel Street. Edward married Margaret McCarthy on 9^th October 1900, in Holywood Catholic Church, Co. Down. His address at the time of their marriage was given as Musgrave Street Royal Irish Constabulary Barracks in Belfast.

The marriage of Edward J. Mulrooney and Margaret McCarthy is announced in the papers “MULROONEY – McCARTHY – October 9, at Holwood R.C. Church, by Rev. James O’Laverty, P.P., M.R.I.A., Edward Joseph Mulrooney, R.I.C., Detective Department, Belfast, second son of Patrick Mulrooney, ex-sergeant R.I.C., County Galway, to Margaret Mary (Maggie), youngest daughter of James McCarthy, Gloucester Terrace, Holywwod, County Down. Source: Belfast Forum. Author: CMcG.

In the 1901 Census, 27-year-old Constable Mulrooney is found living in Lisburn Avenue, Ormeau, Co. Down, along with his wife Margaret. In the 1911 Census, 37-year-old Constable Mulrooney and wife Margaret are found living in Deramore Avenue, Windsor, Co. Antrim. Edward and Margaret have no recorded children. According to a Facebook post written by Edward’s great-grandnephew, Conor Mulrooney, Edward was injured by “an orange mob” while stationed in Belfast.

In October/November 1920, Edward was promoted to head constable and assigned to Lucan Barracks, headquarters of the Lucan District, which comprised of Blanchardstown, Brittas, Clondalkin, Finglas, Hollywood, Rathcoole, St. Laurence, and Ward. 

In February of 1921, Irish Volunteers, began seizing British military transport vehicles, after which they would “destroy it either by fire or by putting it out of action by smashing it up”. On 30^th March 1921, a British military lorry was captured and subsequently burnt-out in the vicinity of the Nugget Factory at Bluebell. On receiving word of the incident in Bluebell, the Royal Irish Constabulary sent out a four-man bicycle patrol from the District Headquarters at Lucan Barracks. While Head constable Edward Joseph Mulrooney, sergeant Michael Hallissy, constables, William Neill, and Martin Keary, examined the remains of the burnt-out lorry, the No. 4 Section of the recently formed Active Service Unit of the Dublin Brigade, I.R.A., which was active in the area, decided to set an ambush for the police constables near the railway bridge at Ballyfermot. At around 13:30, as the police were returning to Lucan Barracks, they were fired on by the Irish Volunteers who lay in wait. Sergeant Hallissy was killed, with head constable Mulrooney, and constable Neill being seriously wounded after returning fire. Constable Keary managed to make a “miraculous escape” to cover.  Following the attack, Head Constable Edward J. Mulrooney was helped to The Fox and Geese public house by Constable Neill. They were then brought to Mrs Farren of Red Cow, to use a phone (interestingly Mrs Farren was the aunt of 2^nd Lieutenant John Francis McDonagh, who is also recorded in this document). When word of the incident reached Lucan Barracks “Crown forces were hurried to the scene”, the I.R.A. however, had long gone. 

Padraig O’Connor, of the No. 4 Section of the A.S.U., who later participated in the escape of Ernie O’Malley from Kilmainham Jail, was present for the ambush, later recording the incident in a military pension witness statement. He noted that unit broke command regulations by taking it on themselves to “attack any British patrol company or party that came our way.” Following the success of this ambush on the Lucan R.I.C. patrol, the Active Service Unit no longer had to wait for A.S.U. Company Staff to sanction attacks, a regulation which Padraig noted:

“…resulted in the hold up of a number of operations, as by the time a likely operation was reported to Headquarters, the possibility of taking it on no longer existed. This resulted in, as far as our section was concerned, that we were waiting for orders, under arms, and doing nothing.”

Had the No. 4 Section of the A.S.U. followed command regulations, it is likely that the ambush may not have happened.

Head Constable Edward J. Mulrooney was afterwards brought to Dr. Steeven’s Hospital, where an operation was performed, and a bullet was extracted from his abdomen. On receiving word of her husband’s shooting, Margaret Mulrooney, who lived in 24 Gainsborough Drive, Belfast, immediately left for Dublin by car. A military court of inquiry into the incident was held on 1^st April 1921. Unfortunately, Head Constable Edward J. Mulrooney, died from shock + peritonitis on the 4^th of April 1921. Peritonitis, is a deadly infection of the abdomen, caused by bacteria entering from the gastrointestinal tract following an injury. Before his death, Edward J. Mulrooney had been due for promotion to District Inspector on the 1^st of April 1921. A large funeral was held in Belfast, as is evident in the image below, after which Edward J. Mulrooney was buried in Holywood, Co. Down. His wife, Margaret, received £2,830 in Compensation, she died aged 70 in Edinburgh in August of 1948.

For related newspaper articles please refer to the previous entry on Michael Hallissy (pages 214 and 215).

Edward Mulrooney Death Register, which notes that he died from “shock + peritonitis following Gunshot Wounds.” Source: Irishgenealogy.ie.

Head Constable Mulrooney’s Funeral, Belfast, 1921. Source: Joe Baker, Snapshots of Belfast 1920-1924, page 13.

—– 1922 —–

Irish Civil War

Sergeant John Devoy

21149, 2^nd Eastern Division, National Army.

Died 20^th November 1922.

John Devoy was born in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin City on 6^th May 1903. Son of bread van driver Patrick Devoy and Mary Meehan. No first name was filled in on John’s Birth Register. 

In the 1911 Census, John, aged eight, can be found living in house 5 on Thor Place, Dublin City. Also, present are his parents Patrick and Mary, and younger sister Annie Kathleen. John’s father is still working as a bread van driver.

During the War of Independence, John served with “I” Company of the 1^st Battalion, Fianna Eireann. For his role in the War of Independence he would be posthumously entitled to a War of Independence service Medal without a bar. In 1921 the War of Independence ended with Ireland being partitioned. The Irish people were equally fractured on whether to except the partition of the country, and on 28^th June 1922 the Irish Civil War began in Dublin. The civil war would unfortunately descend into a bitter tit-for-tad struggle that would end up being every bit as brutal as the previous War of Independence. Uniformed Pro-treaty National Soldiers would have made easy targets for the Irregular Anti-treaty IRA.

John worked as a mill hand at Clondalkin paper Mills before joining the newly created National Army. He lived with his aunt Ann Meehan on 9^th Lock Road, Clondalkin, and was stationed nearby in the Tallaght Army Camp.

On the evening of Friday 17^th November 1922, Sergeant John Devoy was conversing with a fellow officer of the National Army and some civilian friends outside Hart’s public house, when revolver shots rang out from unknown assailants in the shadows. Sergeant Devoy, who was unarmed, was hit, and fell to the ground while his comrade, Captain Dowling, returned fire with a revolver. The assailants escaped down Monastery Road, after a brief shoot-out. An ambulance was called for and Sgt. John Devoy was conveyed to St. Vincent’s Hospital. Lorries of National Army soldiers then arrived and local houses were searched, with no arrests being made. Sergeant Devoy died from his wounds on Monday 20^th November 1922, at the age of 19. He was buried in the (Old) New Esker Cemetery. His grave has yet to be identified.

Death Register of John Devoy. Source: Irish Genealogy.ie.

Notice of the burial of Sgt. John Devoy, in the (Old)New Esker Cemetery. Freemans Journal, Thursday 23rd November 1922. “Soldier Buried. -The funeral of Sergeant John Devoy, the unarmed National Soldier who was shot in Clondalkin on Saturday night, took place to the New Esker Cemetery, Lucan, from Clondalkin yesterday”. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Figure 221    Partial article from the Dublin Evening Telegraph 18 November 1922. “UNAR… SOLDIER… One Shot Another… TRAGEDY Sergeant Devoy, of the National… morning from bullet wounds…. Night. He was in company of an officer… and he fell. He was unarme… The officer returned the fire of… darkness. Houses were searched later by Nat… could be found. Sergeant Devoy was a member of… fine record as a sldier”. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Freeman’s Journal 21 November 1922. “SOLDIER KILLED  Fired At When Unarmed And Fatally Wounded. Clondalkin was the scene of yet another tragic shooting on Saturday night, when Sergeant John Devoy, of the National Army, received wounds from which he died yester morning in St. Vincent’s Hospital. The Sergeant, who was unarmed, was in the company of an officer from Tallaght Camp at the time of the shooting. This officer interviewed by a Freeman’s Journal representative, said that he had been visiting some friends in Clondalkin, and when returning to camp he met Sergeant Devoy- outside Mr. Hart’s publichouse at 11.45 on Saturday night. There were two civilians, whom he knew, with the sergeant, and the officer stopped to talk to them. THREE SHOTS FIRED. While standing at the corner of Mr. Hart’s premises he noticed some men in the shadow of a house on the opposite of the street. Suddenly three revolver shots were fired by these men in rapid succession. At the third shot Devoy cried out and fell down on the road. “I immediately drew my revolver, knelt down, and returned the fire.” said the officer. “After they had fired 10 or 12 shots, the men ran down the Monastery road in the direction of the Carnegie Library. I then ‘phoned to Baldonnell for an ambulance and Father Traynor, C.C., Clondalkin, and Dr. Ryan were summoned and attended to the wounded soldier.” HOUSES SEARCHED. When the ambulance arrived Devoy was brought to St. Vincent’s Hospital. Troops in tenders soon came on the scene and houses in the locality were searched. No arrests were made. Sergt. Devoy who was only 20 years of age, was stationed at Tallaght Camp and was a native of Clondalkin. He lived with his aunt, Mrs. Meegan, at 9^th Lock road, Clondalkin. He was a member of the local Volunteer Battalion during the “terror,” and is described by his commanding officer as a most efficient soldier.” Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Article on the death of wounded Sgt. John Devoy. Evening Echo, Tuesday 21st November 1922 “CLONDALKIN SHOOTING. WOUNDED SERGEANT’S DEATH. Our special reporter in Dublin wired last night:- Sergeant John Devoy, of the National Army, died at St. Vincent’s Hospital to-day as a result- of bullet wounds received at Clondalkin. With an officer he was proceeding to camp at Clondalkin when revolver shots were fired at them by men in the shadow of a house on the opposite side of the street. Sergeant Devoy, who was unarmed at the time, was hit and fell to the ground. The officer drew his revolver, knelt down and returned the fire. A discharge of shots followed between the officer and the attackers, after which the latter made their escape. Houses in the district were afterwards searched, but no trace of the assailants could be found.” Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

—– 1923 —–

2^nd Lieutenant John Francis McDonagh

25402, National Army Air Service.

Died 26^th June 1923.

Unfortunately, no birth Registers or baptism records could be found for John Francis McDonagh, who was born in Dublin in 1902. The pension application, made by his sister Rita McDonagh, claims that the children had been orphans. Many of the papers that ran articles on his death note that he served with the Volunteers in County Dublin during the War of Independence. Following independence, John Francis McDonagh enlisted in the newly formed National Army. Service records give a home address of 556 North Circular Road, Dublin. It is unclear how active a part he played in the civil war.

John McDonagh was soon transferred to the Irish Air Service. Showing great ability, he quickly advanced and was given commission as a 2^nd Lieutenant. A few days after his promotion, at around 5:10pm, on Monday 25^th June 1923, 2^nd Lieutenant John Francis McDonagh participated as an observer in aeroplane D.H.9 D.1 which was piloted by Lieutenant McCulloch. A witness statement from Sergeant J. R. Maher, Irish Air Service, who oversaw rigging at the Fermoy Aerodrome, reported that he saw the plane coming down in a slow spiral, before levelling out at about 1,000ft and flying over the town of Fermoy. The plane again entered a spiral when it was about 500ft from the ground. After this the plane then entered a spinning nosedive, completing four full turns in the spin before disappearing behind the tree line. At this point Sgt. Maher realised that the plane was unable to pull out from the spin and raised the alarm. Sgt. Maher had completed an inspection of the plane prior to take-off and noted that everything was in perfect flying order. He also bore witness to Lt. McCulloch’s pre-flight checks, again everything had been in order. In cross examination at the inquest into the accident, Sgt. Maher confirmed that he believed the plane went into a spin accidentally. He noted that it would have been quite easy for the D.H,9 D1 plane to enter a spin while trying to do a spiral. He noted that Lt. McCulloch had often declared he would never “attempt to spin one of these machines. These machines are not supposed to spun or stunted in any way at-all”.

On nearing the ground, the plane hit a tree with its left wing, and crashed on lands belonging to the Manor School, Fermoy. The loud crash brought several people who had been on the grounds of the school and in the locality running to the scene. Many had heard and seen the plane flying over the town earlier and surmised it must have crashed when they heard the noise. On arriving at the scene of the crash, the plane was found in “reduced to matchwood”. Lt. McCulloch was found lying on the right wing of the plane; he had been thrown from the plane when his harness snapped on impact. 2^nd Lt. McDonagh was found in the wreckage of the body of the plane. Both men were unconscious and bleeding badly from injuries to their faces, were removed from the wreckage, and laid out in the field. Lt. McCulloch had regained some consciousness by the time a party of soldiers arrived from the Aerodrome. 2^nd Lt. McDonagh, however, remained completely unconscious. Both injured men would lie at the scene of the crash for a further hour before a qualified first aid giver reached the scene. On arriving at the scene, Lt. M. P. Buckley, medical officer of the 40^th Infantry Battalion, examined both officers. He noted that 2^nd Lt. McDonagh suffered from profound shock, a fractured femur, injuries to the head and face, and superficial cuts and bruises to his whole body. He was removed to the nearby Fermoy Union Hospital, where he was attended to until his death at 3.50p.m. the following day, on Tuesday 26^th June. 2^nd Lieutenant John McDonagh’s death register lists a fracture to the base of his skull as the cause of death.

2^nd Lt. John McDonagh’s funeral proceeded through the town of Fermoy, escorted by the piper’s band of the 10^th Infantry Battalion and a firing party with rifles reversed. His oak coffin, draped with a tri-colour flag, and with his helmet resting on top, was then brought to Baldonnel (Casement) Aerodrome in Dublin, where his funeral was held with full military honours in the aerodrome Church. After his funeral Mass in Baldonnel, John McDonagh’s coffin was conveyed by military tender to the New (now old) Esker Cemetery in Lucan. His funeral was escorted by the Baldonnel Bass, Reed, Fife, and Drum band. John Francis McDonagh was buried with his uncle, George Farren, who was the grocer, publican, and farmer of the Red Cow Clondalkin. 

The court of inquiry which was held after the accident found that the crash was “purely accidental” and pilot, Lieutenant McCulloch was exonerated of all blame. The court also recommended that a doctor and staff be stationed at the Fermoy Aerodrome, as similar accidents were “liable to occur at any time” and, as in this tragic case, an army medical officer would not always at hand.

John’s sister, Rita, would later apply for a dependents pension. In her application she recorded herself as being a 17-year-old orphan, who depended on her brother. At the time of her application, she was living on the charity of a friend. She would soon after request that further correspondence be sent to the home address of a Mrs S. Sullivan of Allenswood, Robertstown, Co. Kildare.

Death Register of John McDonagh. Source: Irishgenealogy.ie.

Article from the day of the crash, Irish Examiner, Tuesday, 26th June 1923. “AEROPLANE CRASH NEAR FERMOY. Two Officers Injured. Fermoy, Monday.-Liets. McCullogh, pilot, and McDonagh, observer, Fermoy Aerodrome, sustained serious injuries this evening whilst flying over Fermoy. The aeroplane had been flying for some time, and apparently was working all right, when it is presumed engine trouble took place. The aviators made a forced landing, the machine crashing into a tree on an upland farm. The accident was witnessed by some persons, who immediately communicated with the military, who had the injured officers removed to hospital.” Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Dublin Evening Telegraph 27 June 1923. “IRISH AIRMAN@S DEATH. Lieut. McDonagh Succumbs to Injuries. From Our Own Correspondent.) Fermoy, Tuesday. Lieut. K. M. McDonagh, Irish Air Service, Fermoy, succumbed to the injuries which he received last evening when the aeroplane in which he was an observer crashed into a tree on a farm a short distance outside Fermoy. The machine, which was piloted by Lieut. McCulloch, began spiralling at a height of about four hundred feet. It travelled at a tremendous speed directly downward, when the left wing collided with the tree, wrecking the machine. The pilot’s straps were smashed. He was thrown out and received severe injuries, from which, however, there is every hope of recovery. Lieut. McDonagh was caught in the machine, and when extricated was found to be in a critical condition. Despite every care, he died this evening. He was a native of County Dublin, and had been here for the past two months. Deceased had seen service during the Black and Tan regime. Major-General McSweeney arrived in Fermoyt0-day in connection with the sad occurrence.” Source: British Newspaper Archive.

The Cork Examiner, Wednesday Morning, 27th June 1923. “FERMOY AIR CRASH. Death of Lt. McDonagh. CAUSE OF THE SMASH. Fermoy, Tuesday,.- Lieutenant John McDonagh, Irish Air Service, Fermoy, succumbed to the awful injuries which he received on last evening as a result of the aeroplane in which he was an observer, crashing into a tree on a farm a short distance outside Fermoy. The machine, which was piloted by Lieut. McColloch, began spiralling when it got into a spin at a height of about 400 feet. It travelled at a tremendous speed directly downward, when the left wing collided with the tree, smashing the machine into bits. The pilot’s straps were smashed, and he was thrown out, and received severe injurie, from which, however, there is every hope of his recovery. Lieut. McDonagh was caught in the machine, and when extricated, was found to be in a hopeless condition. Despite every care, he died this evening. He was a native of County Dublin, and had only been here for the past two months, and had seen service during the Black and Tan regime. Major-General L. McSweeney arrived in Fermoy to-day in connection with the very sad occurrence”. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Photograph with details of the Fermoy Crash, The Cork Examiner, Thursday, 28th June 1923. “FERMOY AEROPLANE CRASH. A Free State D.H.— aeroplane at Fermoy on 25^th. Lieuts. McCullogh (pilot), and McDonagh (observer), were both seriously injured, the latter fatally, and were removed to hospital unconscious. The machine nose-dived from 1,000 feet, collided with a tree, and was reduced to matchwood.” Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Lt. McDonagh, The Cork Examiner, Friday Morning, 29th June 1923. “LATE LIEUT. McDONOUGH, Who was killed in the aeroplane crash near Fermoy.” Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Funeral of Lt. McDonagh in Fermoy, The Cork Examiner, Friday Morning, 29th June 1923. “FERMOY AIR CRASH. Two scenes showing the funeral passing through Fermoy of the late Lieut. McDonough, who died from injuries received as a result of the aeroplane, in which he was observer, crashed into a tree.” Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Details on the funeral of Lt. J. F. McDonagh, Irish Independent, Friday, June 29, 1923. “Air Officer’s Funeral. The funeral of Lt. J.F. McDonagh, Air Force, who died from injuries received in an aeroplane crash at Fermoy, took place yesterday to the new cemetery, Esker, Lucan, at the conclusion of Mass in the Church at Baldonnel Aerodrome. The coffin, draped in the Ticolour, was conveyed on a military tender. The cortege was led by the brass and reed and fife and drum bands from the Aerodrome. Troops were under command of Major-Gen. Sweeney, Director of Aviation, and Comdt. P. Ryan, O.C., guard, Baldonnel, had charge of the firing party. Air Force and garrison officers were the pall bearers and guard of honour. Chief mourners- Mrs. Farren; Red Cow, Clondalkin (aunt), Misses Farren and Messrs. Farren (cousins). There was a Representative attendance. Capt. J. Stafford had charge of the arrangements.” Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Funeral of Lt. J. McDonagh, The Cork Examiner, Friday Morning, 29th June 1923, Part I. “FERMOY AEROPLAN CRASH. Funeral of Lieut. J. McDonagh. Full military honours were accorded the remains of Lieut. John McDonagh, Fermoy Aerodrome, who met with such injuries as the result of the aeroplane in which he was acting as observer having crashed into a tree outside the town on Monday evening. The deceased was an old Volunteer from the County of Dublin, and saw a good deal of service in the Black and Tan regime, after which he joined the National Army, from which he was transferred to the Irish Air Service. In the branch he got on rapidly, with the result that he received his commission a few days previous to his death. He was a general favourite with the men as well as with fellow officers, all of whom marched for a considerable distance with the funeral. Everything which the military medical men, as well as the local doctors, could do for him was done, but from the outset is condition was hopeless. It appears the accident had hardly taken place when a big number of persons ran” continued overleaf. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

Funeral of Lt. J. McDonagh, The Cork Examiner, Friday Morning, 29th June 1923, Part II “place when a big number of persons ran to the scene, and among the first was Mrs Marriott, wife of Capt. Marriott, of the Manor School. She administered first aid both to deceased and the pilot, Lieut. McCulloch, with the result that when Capt. Buckley, medical officer of the 40^th Battalion, and Dr. O’Brien attended there was nothing to do but to have the deceased immediately conveyed to the District Hospital. He was here attended to with every care and attention by the nurses and the medical officer, Dr. Magnier, but all to no avail. Deceased was only 23 years of age, and would. If he had survived, be an exceptional addition to the Irish Air Service. Rev. Fr. Sheedy, C.C., was in attendance immediately after the accident, and rendered spiritual comfort to the deceased. Major-General McSweeney arrived in Fermoy on Tuesday from Baldonnell in connection with the matter, and returned to Dublin on Wednesday evening. The funeral started from the hospital at 2 o’clock sharp. It was preceeded by the military chaplain, Rev. Fr. Cotter, and Rev. Fr. Sheedy, C.C. Then came the pipers’ Band from the 10^th Battalion, and were followed by the firing party with rifles reversed. The remains were encased in a handsome oak coffin, which was covered with the national flag and surmounted with deceased’s helmet. There were a number of beautiful wreaths placed on the coffin, and among the army officers present were-Capt. FitzMaurice, P.AS.; Lietuts. McSweeney, Hardy, Robinson, Googan, Carroll, Purcell, Comdt. Ryan, Baldonnell; Dr. Buckley; Comdt. W. Ashton, in charge of the troops; Lieut. P. Daly, Lieut. Kissane, Lieut. O’Connell., Lieut. Nolan, Capt. Christie, etc. There was a big gathering of the townspeople following the cortege, which slowly wended its way through the town on its way to Dublin. Source: Irish Newspaper Archives.

The grave of John Francis McDonagh, (Old) New Esker Cemetery. “Also Lieut John F. McDonagh of above address, who died at Fermoy 26^th June 1923, aged 21 years”. Source: Jonathan Cully.

Second World War

Aircraftman 2^nd Class Joseph Patrick Lawless

2204786, Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve.

Died 14^th July 1945.

Joseph Patrick Lawless was born in 1920. Son of Labourer James Lawless and Elizabeth Lawless.

On 22^nd August 1944, Joseph Patrick Lawless married Veronica Duffy in Chapelizod, Dublin. Their marriage Register gives a home address of 37 Main Street Chapelizod for Joseph. Joseph’s occupation is listed as Labourer. Shortly afterwards Joseph Patrick Lawless travelled to Britain, where, like so many others from Ireland, he enlisted into the Royal Air Force as a mechanic.

Unfortunately, he contracted tuberculosis during his service and returned home to Ireland for treatment, dying in the Harold’s Cross Hospice, on 14^th July 1945. His cause of death was listed as Phthisis (pulmonary tuberculosis) and heart failure. 

Joseph Patrick Lawless is buried in Grave B. 72B. (New)New Esker Cemetery. He originally had a Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstone, but this was later replaced by the family. The inscription on Joseph’s original headstone read:

2204786 Aircraftman 2nd Cl.
J. P. Lawless
Royal Air Force
14th July 1945 age 25
(Cross)
IN LOVING MEMORY
OF MY DEAREST HUSBAND.
SWEET JESUS, HAVE MERCY
ON HIS SOUL.

Death Register of Joseph P. Lawless. Cause of death is listed as Phthisis (pulmonary tuberculosis) and heart failure. Source: Irishgenealogy.ie.

Grave of Joseph P. Lawless, (New) New Esker Cemetery. “In Loving Memory Of J.P. Lawless Aircraftman 2^nd Class Royal Airforce Died 14^th July 1945 Aged 25 Years.” Source: Jonathan Cully.

Temporary Colonel Samuel Torton Wills,
Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)

909IA, Indian Army Ordnance Corps, Indian Army. 

Died 25^th April 1947.

Samuel Torton Wills was born on 23^rd October 1895, Willsbrook House Lucan. Son of deceased Gentleman, John Wills and Mary Howard Kirkwood. Samuel’s parents married at Mary’s home, Esker House, on 20^th July 1893. John Wills’ address was noted as being Willsbrook, Lucan. Samuel’s father, John, died in Esker on 6^th October 1895 at the age 41. His son Samuel would be born only days later. 

In the 1901 Census, Samuel, age 5, appears in his grandparent’s house in Cloongownagh (Killusken, Roscommon). Grandfather, Andrew Samuel Kirkwood (67, Farmer), grandmother, Mary Harriett (56), great-aunt, Emily Frances Kirkwood (62), uncles, Thomas Moore Kirkwood (36, Indian Staff Corps), & Howard Moneypenny Kirkwood (16, Farmer’s Son), cousin, Alice Rosabell Donovan (15), mother, Mary Howard Wills (31, A.S.H.) (widow), and servants, Frederiketina Krömer (20, Governess, from Germany), and Mary Ann Kilbride (25, General Servant Domestic) are also present. In the 1911 Census, Samuel’s mother, Mary Howard Wills appears, aged forty-one, in Clangawnagh (Killukin, Roscommon). General Servants, Patrick McGeevy (25) and Marie Burns (18) are the only other people present. There is no sign of Samuel in the 1911 Census.

During the First World War, Samuel Torton Wills, initially served with the Northamptonshire Regiment. He received his first commission as 2^nd Lieutenant on 11^th August 1915. He later entered service in France on the 13^th of July 1916. On the 13^th of April 1917 Samuel Torton Wills was transferred to 57 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps. 

In the early hours of 30^th April 1917, seven FE2.d line patrol planes of the Royal Flying Corps’ 57^th Squadron and 3 Sopwith triplanes of the 8^th Naval Squadron, which were providing air support for the Arras offensive, were attacked by multiple units of the Luftstreitkräfte (German Air Force) over Douai France. Four of the British FE2d planes were shot down before the Sopwith Tri-planes assisted the remaining planes in their escape. Two of the downed planes crashed behind enemy lines and their crew’s taken prisoner. One of these planes, No. A6402, was shot down by fighter ace, Lothar von Richthofen, the younger brother of the infamous Red Baron. It was to be his 16^th confirmed “victory” and counted towards earning his “Blue Max” Pour le Mérite, one of the highest awards of the German army in WW1 (for which he needed to achieve between 16 and 20 aerial victories). Plane A6402 was crewed by Lt. Percy Thomas Bowers (pilot) and 2^nd Lt. Samuel Torton Wills (Observer/Gunner).

Samuel was initially reported “missing”, however on 8^th June 1918, it was noted on his service records that he had been captured. He would spend the remainder of the war as a prisoner in various prisoner of war camps in Germany. Red Cross records show that he was held in camps at Douai, Karlsruhe, Saarbrucken, and Strohen. Samuel Torton Wills was repatriated to Hull on the 14^th of December 1918, a month after the Armistice on 11^th November 1918.

Profile of an FE-2d aeroplane from Samuel Torton Wills’ No. 57 Squadron, by artist Ronny Bar.

Dogfight between a similar 04 FE-2d and a German Albatros Scout, by artist Jim Laurier. Samuel Torton Wills would have manned the front guns, as depicted above.

Samuel Torton Wills continued to be employed under the Air Ministry until on the 10^th of March 1919, when he was decommissioned, relinquishing his rank in the R.A.F. On 16^th November 1919 Samuel Torton Wills arrived in India, where he was promoted to Captain on 1^st January 1923. He would then receive an appointment to the Indian Army on 31^st March 1926. Samuel’s mother’s family had a history of service in India, as was evident in the 1901 census. On 11^th August 1933, he was promoted to the rank of Major, and continued his service with the Indian Army Ordnance Corps, eventually reaching the rank of Colonel. On the 14^th of June 1945, Samuel was awarded the Honour of Commander of the Order of the British Empire, in the King’s Birthday Honours.

Samuel Torton Wills died on 25^th April 1947. He was fifty-one at the time of his death his exact cause of death remains to be determined, though the fact that he is recorded as a casualty by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and is buried in Brookwood Military Cemetery, plot 34A. D. 4., Surrey, United Kingdom, indicates that his death was as a direct result of wounds or illness caused by war, most likely the Second World War. 

Samuel’s wife, Phyllis Wills, had his grave personally inscribed:

“IN LOVING MEMORY”

Willsbrook House, home of John Wills, and birthplace of his, Samuel Torton Wills. Willsbrook House was in a state of dereliction prior to it being demolished. Source: South Dublin County Libraries. Author: Cahill Brendan.

Cloongoonagh House, which was the Kirkwood family home for centuries. Samuel Torton Wills appeared on the 1901 Census in this house. Source: Ireland XO.

First World War service records of Samuel Torton Wills, catalogue reference: AIR 76/552/129. Samuel is recorded as “Missing” on 30^th April 1917, and later recorded as a “P.O.W.”  Source: National Archives, Kew.

A list of Lothar von Richthofen’s confirmed aerial victories. At this point of the war Lothar would have needed between 16 and 20 aerial victories to qualify for the award of the Pour le Merite (Blue Max). Source: The Aerodrome.

Cross Prisoner of War index card, referencing sheets PA 10424 and PA 12494. WILLS, Samuel, 2^nd Lieut. R. Flying Corps. Esker House, Lucan, Co. Dublin. Taken prisoner on 30/4/1917. Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

Red Cross Prisoner of War record PA 10424, dated 17th May 1917, detailing Samuel Torton Wills transfer to Karlsruhe. WILL, Samuel, 2^nd Lieut. Royal Fl. Corps. Taken prisoner at Jzel 30.4.17. Previously held at Douai. Born 23.10.95. Dublin. Next of kin, Esker House, Lucan, Co. Dublin, Irland. Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

Record PA 12494, dated 3^rd July 1917, detailing Samuel Torton Wills transfer to Ströhen.  Wills, Samuel, Leutnant. Kgl. Flieger Korps. Taken prisoner at Itzel 30.4.17. Previously held at Carlsruhe. Born 23.10.95 Lucan. Next of kin, Mrs. Wills Esker House Lucan b/ Dublin. Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

Record PA 18953, dated 12^th February 1918, detailing Samuel Torton Wills transfer to Saarbrucken.  Wills, Samuel, Carton, Ltnt. North-Hamshire Rgt. U. Kgl. Fliggerkorps. Taken prisoner at Itzel 30.4.17. No previous place of detention recorded. Born 23.10.95 Lucan bei Dublin. Next of kin, Mrs. Wills, Esker House. Lucan bei Dublin. Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

Record PA 23734, dated 12^th May 1918, detailing Samuel Torton Wills transfer to Holzminden.  Wills, Samuel, Leutn. R.F.C. Taken prisoner at Izel 30.4.17. Previously held at Ströhen. Born 23.10.95 Lucan bei Dublin, [next of kin] Mrs. Wills, Esker House. Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

Cross Prisoner of War index card A18059, referencing sheets PA 18953 and PA 23734. WILLS, Samuel, Lorton, 2nd Lieut. R. Flying Corps. (Late Northamptonshire) Taken prisoner on 30/4/1917. Both Samuel Torton Wills name and home address are misspelled. Source: International Committee of the Red Cross.

 Index for “Deaths Registered in April, May and June, 1947”. Samuel Torton Wills was incorrectly recorded as “Samuel J”, an Asterix highlights the correction “*Wills, Samuel T. [age] 51 [District] Uxbridge [Vol.] 5 f [Page] 306. Source: Find My Past.

Major Samuel Torton Wills is recorded on page 378-9 of the January 1939 “Graduation List Officers of the British Army”. The entry lists the dates of his promotions and transfers.

The grave of Colonel Samuel Torton Wills C.B.E., Brookwood Military Cemetery, Surrey, United Kingdom. Source: Find A Grave. Author: Retired QA.

—– 1961 —–

United Nations Operation in the Congo

Corporal Michael Fallon

810568, 5th, Infantry Battalion, Irish Army.

Serving overseas: UN N^o. 53464, “A” Company, 36th Infantry Battalion, 

Operation des Nations Unies au Congo (ONUC)

Died 8^th December 1961..

Michael Fallon was born in Inchicore in March 1943. He later had an address of “Shan-Le-Mar” or “Shal-Le-Lar”, Main Street, Lucan, (identified as being part of the house adjoining the Muintir Na Tíre building), where he lived with his mother, Margaret Fallon, and siblings, Cpl. James Fallon (who served alongside his brother in the Congo), Peter Fallon (an electrician with the R.A.F.), and Josephine Fallon. According to the Irish United Nations Veterans Association Michael’s father died while he was young. Michael Fallon was a nephew of Gabriel Fallon, the Irish theatre critic (for the Irish Monthly, Catholic Standard, and Evening Press), actor, and Abbey Theatre director. Unfortunately, not much more is known about Michael Fallon’s life in Lucan.

In May 1960, at the age of 17, Michael Fallon enlisted with the Irish Army, serving with the 5th Infantry Battalion, which was then stationed in Collins Barracks, Dublin. In August of 1961 Michael Fallon was promoted to the rank of Corporal. By then the Irish Army had commenced its first armed deployment for a United Nations peacekeeping mission, with Irish troops contributing to the Operation des Nations Unies au Congo (ONUC) in 1960. While Michael Fallon and his brother, James Fallon, served separately with the 5^th Infantry Battalion and 2^nd Field Engineers respectively, they would serve together with “A” Company of the 36^th Infantry Battalion while overseas, their names appearing together in the Nominal Roll contained within the battalion unit history. 

Nominal Roll from 36th Infantry Battalion Unit History, listing both Michael Fallon and his brother James Fallon as corporals serving with “A” Company. James’ “home” unit is recorded as the 2^nd Field Engineers, service No. 808427, while Michael’s “home” unit is recorded as the 5^th Infantry Battalion, service No. 810568. Source: Irish Military Archives.

Belgian colonisation of the Congo began in 1879 when King Leopold II of Belgium tried to encourage the Belgian Government to establish a colony in what was one of the last “unexplored” regions of Central Africa. Impatient with the government’s response to do so King Leopold II established a corporate state which he controlled through his own private army, the Force Publique. The Congo Free State, as it became known, gained international recognition after the Berlin Conference of 1885, however, the level of violence and inhumane exploitation of the Congolese people soon drew international pressure on Belgium to officially annexe the colony. Joseph Conrad’s 1899 novella “Heart of Darkness” and a report for the British Government by Roger Casement in 1904 played no small part in highlighting the rampant atrocities and abuses that were unchecked, and indeed encouraged, under Leopold II’s direct rule. The Belgian Government finally bowed to mounting international pressure and officially annexe the colony in 1908, forming the Belgian Congo. While the Congo fared better under direct Belgian rule, the atrocities of the past were inescapable and a strong independence movement formed which ultimately gained freedom from Belgium on the 30^th of June 1960, with the formation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 

Unfortunately, a long period of political unrest and conflict known as “The Congo Crisis” began within five days of Independence. The Congolese ranks of the Force Publique quickly lost faith in the new government and their promises of promotion after being told by the entirely white officer class of the Force that “before independence = after independence”. The Congolese ranks began to mutiny, and the country quickly descended into great unrest. The new government tried to appease the soldiers, but the mutinies continued as mistrust grew among the Congolese ranks. As the level of violence grew Belgium quickly sent troops back into the Congo to protect the 100,000 Belgian nationals who remained in the country, occupying the Katanga province and its capital, Elisabethville, a move that was illegal under international law. 

On the 11^th of July 1960, backed by a strong Belgian military presence, the mineral rich Katanga province declared independence, its newly declared president being widely acknowledged as a puppet of the Belgian forces. The following day, on the 12^th of July, the president and prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo requested help from the United Nations, and “Resolution 143” was adopted, calling on Belgium to withdraw its troops from the Congo while also authorising the UN to provide military assistance. In total the United Nations sent just under 20,000 troops to the Congo during the crisis. Initially sent in as peacekeepers to maintain order and oversee the departure of Belgian forces, UN troops quickly found themselves

engaging in military offensives against Katangese secessionist, paramilitary, and mercenary forces, as they tried to maintain the territorial integrity and security of the Congo and prevent the crisis from developing into a bloody civil war. Irish troops first arrived in the Congo on 29^th of July 1960. 

Cpl Michael Fallon was to see service with “A” Company of the 36th (Irish) Battalion, United Nations Operation in the Congo, his United Nations service number being 53464. Prior to being deployed the 36th Infantry Battalion was reviewed by An Taoiseach, Seán Lemass, at McKee Barracks near the Phoenix Park on Sunday 4th December 1961. The following day the battalion would begin to depart for the Congo onboard 20 United States Airforce Globemaster transport aircraft, with the first transports reaching Elisabethville on 7^th of December. Katanga Gendarmerie forces fired on the first three transports as they arrived in conditions considered to be suicidal by the flight crew. One of the planes, which carried men of Michael Fallon’s “A” Company, was hit 40 times on approach to Elisabethville Airport, with the outboard fuel tanks and the oil system of one of the starboard engines being damaged. The crew of the plane remarked that it had been “miraculous that the aircraft did not take fire in the air, considering the heat of the engines and the inflammability of the high octane vapour” that trailed the plane as it landed. Despite having endured more than 22 hours of continuous flying “A” Company were immediately deployed to defensive trenches within the grounds of Elisabethville Airport. Shortly afterwards the battalion, not yet at full strength, made the treacherous journey from the airport to Prince Leopold Farm. Enemy sniper activity was reported around the farm, however the night passed quietly. The following day, on the 8^th of December, Prince Leopold Farm came under heavy mortar fire from Gendarmerie forces. During this exchange of fire Cpl. Michael Fallon was hit in the chest by shrapnel and killed. Five other Irish soldiers were wounded during the attack. On Saturday 16th December, The Irish Weekly and Ulster Examiner reported:

“ IRISHMAN KILLED IN KATANGA

Flew from Dublin on December 4

The first Irish fatality in the Katanga fighting has been announced in Dublin- an 18-year-old corporal who was flown out to the Congo only last week.

The Irish Army announced that Corporal Michael Fallon of A Company, 36th Battalion, was killed by mortar fire in the Irish camp in Elisabethville.

He was the son of Mrs. Margaret Fallon, of Main Street, Lucan, Co. Dublin.

He enlisted in the army in May, 1960. He belonged to the Fifth Infantry Battalion, Collins Barracks, Dublin, and was promoted corporal in August.”

Irish Weekly and Ulster Examiner, Saturday 16 December 1961. “IRISHMAN KILLED IN KATANGA – Flew from Dublin on December 4 – THE first Irish fatality in the Katanga fighting has been announced in Dublin- an 18-year-old corporal who was flown out to the Congo only last week. The Irish Army announced that Corporal Michael Fallon of A Company, 36th Battalion, was killed by mortar fire in the Irish camp in Elisabethville. He was the son of Mrs. Margaret Fallon, of Main Street, Lucan, Co. Dublin. He enlisted in the army in May, 1960. He belonged to the Fifth Infantry Battalion, Collins Barracks, Dublin, and was promoted corporal in August. Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Cpl. Michael Fallon’s body was flown home from N’djili airport, in the West of the Congo, arriving at Dublin Airport on the 12^th of December 1961. A requiem mass was held in the Church of the Sacred Heart, Arbour Hill, and Cpl. Michael Fallon was then buried in the Congo Plot at Glasnevin Cemetery, where his name appears in both Irish and English.

“CRE. MÍAHEÁL Ó FALLÚIN           8-12-1961           CPL. MICHAEL FALLON”.

For his service, Michael Fallon would have been posthumously awarded “An Réalt Míleata”  the Military Star medal which is “awarded posthumously to members of the Permanent Defence Force and to members of the Chaplaincy Service killed or fatally wounded as a direct result of a hostile action or act perpetrated by an enemy, opposing armed force, hostile belligerent or other party, involving the use of firepower or other lethal weapon, in the course of service outside the state on approved military duties overseas”.

UN troops would remain in the Congo until 1964, with more than 6000 Irish troops serving on overseas tours in the country. 26 Irish men would be killed during the crisis, among them Sergeant Hugh Gaynor, from Leixlip, who was killed in during the Niemba Ambush on 8th November 1960. The Congo Crisis would have a profound and long-lasting effect on Irish society, with thousands of people lining the streets of Dublin for the funerals of the nine soldiers killed during the Niemba Ambush, and terms like “Baluba” entering Irish slang for an “unruly or wild person”. Closer to home the quarrelling among families trying to get a house in the Sarsfield Park housing development caused many locals to draw comparisons with the ongoing crisis in the Congo, leading to the houses of the first phase of the estate being referred to as “The Congo”. The name as since stuck, with subsequent phases of Sarsfield Park being named after the Cyprus and Vietnam conflicts.

Special thank you to Gareth Rice, of the Irish Defence Forces, who brought Michael Fallon’s details to light, assuring Michael’s name would be added to the Lucan Memorial Campaign and any future local memorial.  

Sources:

George Kerton PRO IUNVA, Irish United Nations Veterans Association: Elisabethville Congo 1961 Article 1 of 3.

PRO IUNVA, Irish United Nations Veterans Association: Deaths Overseas Cpl. Fallon, Sgt. Mulcahy, Lieut. Riordan & Pte. Wickham December 1961 – Congo.

Irish Military Archives: Unit History, 36th Irish Battalion ONUC.

“The Move to Elisabethville” from the 36th Infantry Battalion Unit History. Except shows that three USAF Globemaster transport planes arrived in Elisabethville on the 7th of December 1961. Source: Irish Military Archives.

Except from the Deployment Report of the 36th Infantry Battalion Unit History. “Sniping continued around LEOPOLD FARM during the 7 Dec. The night was comparatively quiet. Gendarmerie commenced mortaring LEOPOLD FARM on the 8 Dec’61. Cpl Fallon, A Coy, Was Killed and the following were wounded: Sgt Mulcahy, Tpr Kenny, Pte March, Tpr McMullen (repatriated) and Pte Gilrain…” Source: Irish Military Archives.

Except from the Medical Report of the 36th Infantry Battalion Unit History, noting that four men “Died from wounds sustained by direct enemy action”. Michael Fallon being one of the four recorded deaths from direct enemy action. Source: Irish Military Archives.

Casualty Roll from the Nominal Rolls of the 36^th Infantry Battalion Unit History. “810568 Cpl. Fallon, M. Died from wounds received when a Mortar bomb hit Bn. HQ.” Source: Irish Military Archives.

Coventry Evening Telegraph, Saturday 09 December 1961. “Irish Solider in Katanga Killed. An 18 years old corporal, who was flown out to the Congo last Monday, has been killed by mortar fire in the Irish camp in Elisabethville. This was announced by the Irish Army in Dublin late last night. Cpl. Michael Fallon was the son of Mrs. Margaret Fallon of Main Street Lucan Co. Dublin. He enlisted in May 1960. He was a member of the 5^th Infantry Battalion, Collins Barracks, Dublin, and was promoted corporal in August.” Source: British Newspaper Archive.

An excerpt from the Belfast Telegraph, Saturday 09 December 1961, highlights the dire situation for white civilians in the Congo, the death of Cpl. Michael Fallon, and an example of suspected misinformation being used by Belgian forces.

 “According to Red Cross sources in Elisabethville six with civilians are known to have been killed in the fighting so far, and 10 other wounded, including two women. The sources said the actual death toll might be e higher.

Eighteen-year-old Corporal Michael Fallon, of Lucan, Co. Dublin, a member of the Eire Force in the Congo, was killed in Elisabethville yesterday when he was hit by mortar fire.

A Belgian radio “ham” claimed to-day to have picked up a desperate message from “The British community in Elisabethville” appealing to the Queen personally to prevent British bombs being given to the United Nations.”  Source: British Newspaper Archive.

Michael Fallon is listed on a Defence Forces memorial for the men of “A” Coy 36 Inf Bn Republic of the Congo Dec 1961 – May 1962. “810568 Cpl. Michael Fallon, Killed in Action Unit: 5 Inf Bn Military Service: 18 Months Adress: Main St. Lucan, Co. Dublin.” Source: Irish United Nations Veterans Association.

Defence Forces plaque commemorating the Irish soldiers of “A” Company 36th Infantry Battalion killed at Elisabethville between December 1961 & May 1962. Source: The Battle of Jadotville Irish Soldiers in Combat in the Congo 1961 by Michael Whelan, Local Studies Section, South Dublin Libraries.

The United Nations plot in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin, where Michael Fallon is buried alongside other soldiers of the Irish Defence Forces killed while serving overseas with United Nations Peacekeeping operations.

“I gCUIMHNE AR A bhFUIL MARBH DE NA hOIFIGIGH AGUS NA FIR D’ÓGLAIGH NA hÉIREANN A THUG SEIRBHÍS AR SON NA SIOCHÁNA LE FÓRSAÍ NA NÁISIUN AONTAITHE

TO THE MEMORY OF DECEASED OFFICERS AND MEN OF OGLAIGH NA hEIREANN WHO SERVED IN THE CAUSE OF PEACE WITH UNITED NATIONS FORCES

REQUIESCANT IN PACE”.

Source: Irish War Memorials. Author: Michael Pegum

Michael Fallon’s name appears both in Irish and English on the United Nations Memorial in Glasnevin.

“CRE. MÍAHEÁL Ó FALLÚIN          8-12-1961          CPL. MICHAEL FALLON”.

The Fallon family resided in the house that adjoins the Muintir Na Tíre building on Main Street, Lucan. It is likely that one of the two subdivisions of this building was once referred to as “Shan-Le-Mar”. Information source: Noel Shanahan, former messenger boy for Mick Toolan. Source: Buildings of Ireland.

—– 1984 —–

The Troubles

Detective Frank Hand

20594L, Garda Siochana.

Died 10^th August 1984.

Born in Roscommon, on 29^th August 1957. Son of Michael Francis Hand and Teresa Burke.

Frank Hand joined An Garda Siochana on 20^th July 1977. He was posted to Donnybrook Garda Station on completion of training. On 16^th April 1982, Garda Frank Hand was appointed to the Central Detective Unit of an Garda Siochana.

In July 1984, detective Frank Hand married fellow garda Breda Hogan. They returned from their honeymoon in early August 1984. 

On the 10^th of August, detective Frank Hand and detective Michael Dowd were escorting a post office van as it delivered at least £300,000 in pension money to a post office in County Meath. Both Gardai were armed and travelled in an unmarked Fiat police car behind the post van. At 8 a.m., as the post van and Garda escort car pulled up outside the Drumree Post Office they were confronted by two men in blue boiler suits and Balaclavas; both men were armed with sub-machine guns. Without warning or provocation, the assailants opened fire on the Garda escort car. Detective Dowd was grazed on the forehead by a bullet. Slumming in the passenger seat, Dowd witnessed Detective Hand draw his revolver and attempt to exit the driver’s seat, before hearing more shots. The armed men then pulled Garda Dowd from the vehicle and pushing him to the ground held a gun to his head. It was then that Garda Dowd, witnessed his colleague, Garda Hand, lying on the ground wounded at the far side of the escort car. Two cars quickly approached the scene and six men, with Dublin and Northern Ireland accents, started to take mail bags full of money from the post van. The assailants disarmed the two Gardai, took a machine gun from the escort car, and ripped the out the car radio, before fleeing the scene with at least £220,000 in stolen pension money. One of the cars identified leaving the scene was a beige Opel Asconda, which was later found abandoned near Dunshaughlin. Detective Garda Frank Hand, severely wounded in the attack, was rushed to Navan Hospital. Unfortunately, he would die from his wounds shortly before 9a.m. He was 25 years old and only five weeks married. Frank’s daughter was born months later. 

A massive manhunt then began, as news and disgust at the attack, quickly spread throughout the country. The army were quickly brought in to assist in the hunt. Three members of the Provisional I.R.A. were charged with his murder and sentenced to death. However, their death sentences were later commuted to 40 years imprisonment. They would later benefit from early release due to the Belfast Agreement of 1998. The Independent reported the following on December 21^st, 1998:

“TOM BRADY Security Editor
December 21, 1998, 12:11 AM
FOUR men convicted of the capital murder of gardai are to be released from prison this week as part of the Good Friday peace deal. All were serving 40 years imprisonment after the then mandatory death penalty for capital murder was commuted. The disclosure that they qualified for early release has been criticised by the victims’ colleagues and some of the families involved.”

On 4^th December 1986, Detective Garda Frank Hand was posthumously awarded the gold Walter Scott Gold Medal for Valor, an award for “personal bravery, performed intelligently in the execution of duty at imminent risk to the life of the doer, and armed with full previous knowledge of the risk involved”.

Frank Hand is buried in Kiltoom Cemetery, Kiltoom, Co. Roscommon, with his parents.

Frank Hand’s grave in Kiltoom Cemetery, Kiltoom, Co. Roscommon. “Pray For The Soul Of Frank Hand Det. Garda CURRAGHBOY AND LUCAN CO. DUBLIN DIED 10^th AUGUST 1984, AGED 27 YEARS…” Source: Find A Grave. Author: TomásD.

—- In The Line of Duty —-

Garda Conor Oliver Griffin

27489E, Garda Siochana.

Died 15^th May 2000.

Conor Oliver Griffin was born on 4^th January 1975. The son of a Garda Inspector, he came from Lucan. Conor Oliver Griffin joined An Garda Siochana on 26^th January 1998 and was later Stationed in Finglas Garda Station.

On the morning of 15^th May 2000, Garda Conor Oliver Griffin and Garda Garreth Noel Harmon were on duty in an unmarked Police car in the Finglas District, when they responded to call about stolen car.

Unfortunately, their police car lost control at the narrow road junction of Glasanon Road and Griffith Road, hitting a lamppost, both Gardai were killed in the collision.